LM7805 - Fairchild Semiconductor Farnell Element 14 - Revenir à l'accueil

 

 

Branding Farnell element14 (France)

 

Farnell Element 14 :

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Everything You Need To Know About Arduino

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Tutorial 01 for Arduino: Getting Acquainted with Arduino

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The Cube® 3D Printer

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What's easier- DIY Dentistry or our new our website features?

 

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Ben Heck's Getting Started with the BeagleBone Black Trailer

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Ben Heck's Home-Brew Solder Reflow Oven 2.0 Trailer

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Get Started with Pi Episode 3 - Online with Raspberry Pi

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Discover Simulink Promo -- Exclusive element14 Webinar

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Ben Heck's TV Proximity Sensor Trailer

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Ben Heck's PlayStation 4 Teardown Trailer

See the trailer for the next exciting episode of The Ben Heck show. Check back on Friday to be among the first to see the exclusive full show on element…

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Get Started with Pi Episode 4 - Your First Raspberry Pi Project

Connect your Raspberry Pi to a breadboard, download some code and create a push-button audio play project.

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Ben Heck Anti-Pickpocket Wallet Trailer

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Molex Earphones - The 14 Holiday Products of Newark element14 Promotion

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Tripp Lite Surge Protector - The 14 Holiday Products of Newark element14 Promotion

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Microchip ChipKIT Pi - The 14 Holiday Products of Newark element14 Promotion

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Beagle Bone Black - The 14 Holiday Products of Newark element14 Promotion

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3M E26, LED Lamps - The 14 Holiday Products of Newark element14 Promotion

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3M Colored Duct Tape - The 14 Holiday Products of Newark element14 Promotion

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Tenma Soldering Station - The 14 Holiday Products of Newark element14 Promotion

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Duratool Screwdriver Kit - The 14 Holiday Products of Newark element14 Promotion

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Cubify 3D Cube - The 14 Holiday Products of Newark element14 Promotion

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Bud Boardganizer - The 14 Holiday Products of Newark element14 Promotion

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Raspberry Pi Starter Kit - The 14 Holiday Products of Newark element14 Promotion

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Fluke 323 True-rms Clamp Meter - The 14 Holiday Products of Newark element14 Promotion

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Dymo RHINO 6000 Label Printer - The 14 Holiday Products of Newark element14 Promotion

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3M LED Advanced Lights A-19 - The 14 Holiday Products of Newark element14 Promotion

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Innovative LPS Resistor Features Very High Power Dissipation

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Charge Injection Evaluation Board for DG508B Multiplexer Demo

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Ben Heck The Great Glue Gun Trailer Part 2

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Introducing element14 TV

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Ben Heck Time to Meet Your Maker Trailer

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Détecteur de composants

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Recherche intégrée

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Ben Builds an Accessibility Guitar Trailer Part 1

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Ben Builds an Accessibility Guitar - Part 2 Trailer

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PiFace Control and Display Introduction

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Flashmob Farnell

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Express Yourself in 3D with Cube 3D Printers from Newark element14

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Farnell YouTube Channel Move

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Farnell: Design with the best

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French Farnell Quest

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Altera - 3 Ways to Quickly Adapt to Changing Ethernet Protocols

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Cy-Net3 Network Module

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MC AT - Professional and Precision Series Thin Film Chip Resistors

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Solderless LED Connector

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PSA-T Series Spectrum Analyser: PSA1301T/ PSA2701T

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3-axis Universal Motion Controller For Stepper Motor Drivers: TMC429

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Voltage Level Translation

Puce électronique / Microchip :

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Microchip - 8-bit Wireless Development Kit

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Microchip - Introduction to mTouch Capacitive Touch Sensing Part 2 of 3

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Microchip - Introduction to mTouch Capacitive Touch Sensing Part 3 of 3

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Microchip - Introduction to mTouch Capacitive Touch Sensing Part 1 of 3

Sans fil - Wireless :

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Microchip - 8-bit Wireless Development Kit

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Wireless Power Solutions - Wurth Electronics, Texas Instruments, CadSoft and element14

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Analog Devices - Remote Water Quality Monitoring via a Low Power, Wireless Network

Texas instrument :

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Texas Instruments - Automotive LED Headlights

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Texas Instruments - Digital Power Solutions

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Texas Instruments - Industrial Sensor Solutions

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Texas Instruments - Wireless Pen Input Demo (Mobile World Congress)

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Texas Instruments - Industrial Automation System Components

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Texas Instruments - TMS320C66x - Industry's first 10-GHz fixed/floating point DSP

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Texas Instruments - TMS320C66x KeyStone Multicore Architecture

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Texas Instruments - Industrial Interfaces

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Texas Instruments - Concerto™ MCUs - Connectivity without compromise

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Texas Instruments - Stellaris Robot Chronos

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Texas Instruments - DRV8412-C2-KIT, Brushed DC and Stepper Motor Control Kit

Ordinateurs :

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Ask Ben Heck - Connect Raspberry Pi to Car Computer

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Ben's Portable Raspberry Pi Computer Trailer

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Ben's Raspberry Pi Portable Computer Trailer 2

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Ben Heck's Pocket Computer Trailer

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Ask Ben Heck - Atari Computer

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Ask Ben Heck - Using Computer Monitors for External Displays

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Raspberry Pi Partnership with BBC Computer Literacy Project - Answers from co-founder Eben Upton

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Installing RaspBMC on your Raspberry Pi with the Farnell element14 Accessory kit

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Raspberry Pi Served - Joey Hudy

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Happy Birthday Raspberry Pi

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Raspberry Pi board B product overview

Logiciels :

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Ask Ben Heck - Best Opensource or Free CAD Software

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Tektronix FPGAView™ software makes debugging of FPGAs faster than ever!

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Ask Ben Heck - Best Open-Source Schematic Capture and PCB Layout Software

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Introduction to Cadsoft EAGLE PCB Design Software in Chinese

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Altera - Developing Software for Embedded Systems on FPGAs

Tutoriels :

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Ben Heck The Great Glue Gun Trailer Part 1

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the knode tutorial - element14

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Ben's Autodesk 123D Tutorial Trailer

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Ben's CadSoft EAGLE Tutorial Trailer

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Ben Heck's Soldering Tutorial Trailer

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Ben Heck's AVR Dev Board tutorial

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Ben Heck's Pinball Tutorial Trailer

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Ben Heck's Interface Tutorial Trailer

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First Stage with Python and PiFace Digital

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Cypress - Getting Started with PSoC® 3 - Part 2

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Energy Harvesting Challenge

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New Features of CadSoft EAGLE v6

Autres documentations :

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LM78XX / LM78XXA — 3-Terminal 1 A Positive Voltage Regulator © 2006 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation www.fairchildsemi.com LM78XX / LM78XXA Rev. 1.3.0 1 August 2013 LM78XX / LM78XXA 3-Terminal 1 A Positive Voltage Regulator Features • Output Current up to 1 A • Output Voltages: 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24 V • Thermal Overload Protection • Short-Circuit Protection • Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection Ordering Information(1) Note: 1. Above output voltage tolerance is available at 25°C. Product Number Output Voltage Tolerance Package Operating Temperature Packing Method LM7805CT ±4% TO-220 (Single Gauge) -40°C to +125°C Rail LM7806CT LM7808CT LM7809CT LM7810CT LM7812CT LM7815CT LM7818CT LM7824CT LM7805ACT ±2% 0°C to +125°C LM7809ACT LM7810ACT LM7812ACT LM7815ACT Description The LM78XX series of three-terminal positive regulators is available in the TO-220 package and with several fixed output voltages, making them useful in a wide range of applications. Each type employs internal current limiting, thermal shut-down, and safe operating area protection. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1 A output current. Although designed primarily as fixedvoltage regulators, these devices can be used with external components for adjustable voltages and currents. 1 1. Input 2. GND 3. Output GND TO-220 (Single Gauge) LM78XX / LM78XXA — 3-Terminal 1 A Positive Voltage Regulator © 2006 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation www.fairchildsemi.com LM78XX / LM78XXA Rev. 1.3.0 2 Block Diagram Figure 1. Block Diagram Absolute Maximum Ratings Stresses exceeding the absolute maximum ratings may damage the device. The device may not function or be operable above the recommended operating conditions and stressing the parts to these levels is not recommended. In addition, extended exposure to stresses above the recommended operating conditions may affect device reliability. The absolute maximum ratings are stress ratings only. Values are at TA = 25°C unless otherwise noted. Symbol Parameter Value Unit VI Input Voltage VO = 5 V to 18 V 35 V VO = 24 V 40 RθJC Thermal Resistance, Junction-Case (TO-220) 5 °C/W RθJA Thermal Resistance, Junction-Air (TO-220) 65 °C/W TOPR Operating Temperature Range LM78xx -40 to +125 °C LM78xxA 0 to +125 TSTG Storage Temperature Range - 65 to +150 °C Starting Circuit Input 1 Reference Voltage Current Generator SOA Protection Thermal Protection Series Pass Element Error Amplifier Output 3 GND 2 LM78XX / LM78XXA — 3-Terminal 1 A Positive Voltage Regulator © 2006 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation www.fairchildsemi.com LM78XX / LM78XXA Rev. 1.3.0 3 Electrical Characteristics (LM7805) Refer to the test circuit, -40°C < TJ < 125°C, IO = 500 mA, VI = 10 V, CI = 0.1 μF, unless otherwise specified. Notes: 2. Load and line regulation are specified at constant junction temperature. Changes in VO due to heating effects must be taken into account separately. Pulse testing with low duty is used. 3. These parameters, although guaranteed, are not 100% tested in production. Symbol Parameter Conditions Min. Typ. Max. Unit VO Output Voltage TJ = +25°C 4.80 5.00 5.20 IO = 5 mA to 1 A, PO ≤ 15 W, V VI = 7 V to 20 V 4.75 5.00 5.25 Regline Line Regulation(2) TJ = +25°C VI = 7 V to 25 V 4.0 100.0 mV VI = 8 V to 12 V 1.6 50.0 Regload Load Regulation(2) TJ = +25°C IO = 5 mA to 1.5 A 9.0 100.0 mV IO = 250 mA to 750 mA 4.0 50.0 IQ Quiescent Current TJ =+25°C 5.0 8.0 mA ΔIQ Quiescent Current Change IO = 5 mA to 1 A 0.03 0.50 mA VI = 7 V to 25 V 0.30 1.30 ΔVO/ΔT Output Voltage Drift(3) IO = 5 mA -0.8 mV/°C VN Output Noise Voltage f = 10 Hz to 100 kHz, TA = +25°C 42.0 μV/VO RR Ripple Rejection(3) f = 120 Hz, VI = 8 V to 18 V 62.0 73.0 dB VDROP Dropout Voltage TJ = +25°C, IO = 1 A 2.0 V RO Output Resistance(3) f = 1 kHz 15.0 mΩ ISC Short-Circuit Current TJ = +25°C, VI = 35 V 230 mA IPK Peak Current(3) TJ = +25°C 2.2 A LM78XX / LM78XXA — 3-Terminal 1 A Positive Voltage Regulator © 2006 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation www.fairchildsemi.com LM78XX / LM78XXA Rev. 1.3.0 4 Electrical Characteristics (LM7806) Refer to the test circuit, -40°C < TJ < 125°C, IO = 500 mA, VI = 11 V, CI = 0.33 μF,CO = 0.1 μF, unless otherwise specified. Notes: 4. Load and line regulation are specified at constant junction temperature. Changes in VO due to heating effects must be taken into account separately. Pulse testing with low duty is used. 5. These parameters, although guaranteed, are not 100% tested in production. Symbol Parameter Conditions Min. Typ. Max. Unit VO Output Voltage TJ = +25°C 5.75 6.00 6.25 IO = 5 mA to 1 A, PO ≤ 15 W, V VI = 8.0 V to 21 V 5.70 6.00 6.30 Regline Line Regulation(4) TJ = +25°C VI = 8 V to 25 V 5.0 120 mV VI = 9 V to 13 V 1.5 60.0 Regload Load Regulation(4) TJ = +25°C IO = 5 mA to 1.5 A 9.0 120.0 mV IO = 250 mA to 750 mA 3.0 60.0 IQ Quiescent Current TJ =+25°C 5.0 8.0 mA ΔIQ Quiescent Current Change IO = 5 mA to 1 A 0.5 mA VI = 8 V to 25 V 1.3 ΔVO/ΔT Output Voltage Drift(5) IO = 5 mA -0.8 mV/°C VN Output Noise Voltage f = 10 Hz to 100 kHz, TA = +25°C 45.0 μV/VO RR Ripple Rejection(5) f = 120 Hz, VI = 8 V to 18 V 62.0 73.0 dB VDROP Dropout Voltage TJ = +25°C, IO = 1 A 2.0 V RO Output Resistance(5) f = 1 kHz 19.0 mΩ ISC Short-Circuit Current TJ = +25°C, VI = 35 V 250 mA IPK Peak Current(5) TJ = +25°C 2.2 A LM78XX / LM78XXA — 3-Terminal 1 A Positive Voltage Regulator © 2006 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation www.fairchildsemi.com LM78XX / LM78XXA Rev. 1.3.0 5 Electrical Characteristics (LM7808) Refer to the test circuit, -40°C < TJ < 125°C, IO = 500 mA, VI = 14 V, CI = 0.33 μF, CO = 0.1 μF, unless otherwise specified. Notes: 6. Load and line regulation are specified at constant junction temperature. Changes in VO due to heating effects must be taken into account separately. Pulse testing with low duty is used. 7. These parameters, although guaranteed, are not 100% tested in production. Symbol Parameter Conditions Min. Typ. Max. Unit VO Output Voltage TJ = +25°C 7.7 8.0 8.3 IO = 5 mA to 1 A, PO ≤ 15 W, V VI = 10.5 V to 23 V 7.6 8.0 8.4 Regline Line Regulation(6) TJ = +25°C VI = 10.5 V to 25 V 5.0 160.0 mV VI = 11.5 V to 17 V 2.0 80.0 Regload Load Regulation(6) TJ = +25°C IO = 5 mA to 1.5 A 10.0 160.0 mV IO = 250 mA to 750 mA 5.0 80.0 IQ Quiescent Current TJ =+25°C 5.0 8.0 mA ΔIQ Quiescent Current Change IO = 5 mA to 1 A 0.05 0.50 mA VI = 10.5 V to 25 V 0.5 1.0 ΔVO/ΔT Output Voltage Drift(7) IO = 5 mA -0.8 mV/°C VN Output Noise Voltage f = 10 Hz to 100 kHz, TA = +25°C 52.0 μV/VO RR Ripple Rejection(7) f = 120 Hz, VI = 11.5 V to 21.5 V 56.0 73.0 dB VDROP Dropout Voltage IO = 1 A, TJ = +25°C 2.0 V RO Output Resistance(7) f = 1 kHz 17.0 mΩ ISC Short-Circuit Current VI = 35 V, TJ = +25°C 230 mA IPK Peak Current(7) TJ = +25°C 2.2 A LM78XX / LM78XXA — 3-Terminal 1 A Positive Voltage Regulator © 2006 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation www.fairchildsemi.com LM78XX / LM78XXA Rev. 1.3.0 6 Electrical Characteristics (LM7809) Refer to the test circuit, -40°C < TJ < 125°C, IO = 500 mA, VI = 15 V, CI = 0.33 μF,CO = 0.1 μF, unless otherwise specified. Notes: 8. Load and line regulation are specified at constant junction temperature. Changes in VO due to heating effects must be taken into account separately. Pulse testing with low duty is used. 9. These parameters, although guaranteed, are not 100% tested in production. Symbol Parameter Conditions Min. Typ. Max. Unit VO Output Voltage TJ = +25°C 8.65 9.00 9.35 IO = 5 mA to 1 A, PO ≤ 15 W, V VI = 11.5 V to 24 V 8.60 9.00 9.40 Regline Line Regulation(8) TJ = +25°C VI = 11.5 V to 25 V 6.0 180.0 mV VI = 12 V to 17 V 2.0 90.0 Regload Load Regulation(8) TJ = +25°C IO = 5 mA to 1.5 A 12.0 180.0 mV IO = 250 mA to 750 mA 4.0 90.0 IQ Quiescent Current TJ =+25°C 5.0 8.0 mA ΔIQ Quiescent Current Change IO = 5 mA to 1 A 0.5 mA VI = 11.5 V to 26 V 1.3 ΔVO/ΔT Output Voltage Drift(9) IO = 5 mA -1.0 mV/°C VN Output Noise Voltage f = 10 Hz to 100 kHz, TA = +25°C 58.0 μV/VO RR Ripple Rejection(9) f = 120 Hz, VI = 13 V to 23 V 56.0 71.0 dB VDROP Dropout Voltage IO = 1 A, TJ = +25°C 2.0 V RO Output Resistance(9) f = 1 kHz 17.0 mΩ ISC Short-Circuit Current VI = 35 V, TJ = +25°C 250 mA IPK Peak Current(9) TJ = +25°C 2.2 A LM78XX / LM78XXA — 3-Terminal 1 A Positive Voltage Regulator © 2006 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation www.fairchildsemi.com LM78XX / LM78XXA Rev. 1.3.0 7 Electrical Characteristics (LM7810) Refer to the test circuit, -40°C < TJ < 125°C, IO = 500 mA, VI = 16 V, CI = 0.33 μF,CO = 0.1 μF, unless otherwise specified. Notes: 10. Load and line regulation are specified at constant junction temperature. Changes in VO due to heating effects must be taken into account separately. Pulse testing with low duty is used. 11. These parameters, although guaranteed, are not 100% tested in production. Symbol Parameter Conditions Min. Typ. Max. Unit VO Output Voltage TJ = +25°C 9.6 10.0 10.4 IO = 5 mA to 1 A, PO ≤ 15 W, V VI = 12.5 V to 25 V 9.5 10.0 10.5 Regline Line Regulation(10) TJ = +25°C VI = 12.5 V to 25 V 10 200 mV VI = 13 V to 25 V 3 100 Regload Load Regulation(10) TJ = +25°C IO = 5 mA to 1.5 A 12 200 mV IO = 250 mA to 750 mA 4 400 IQ Quiescent Current TJ =+25°C 5.1 8.0 mA ΔIQ Quiescent Current Change IO = 5 mA to 1 A 0.5 mA VI = 12.5 V to 29 V 1.0 ΔVO/ΔT Output Voltage Drift(11) IO = 5 mA -1.0 mV/°C VN Output Noise Voltage f = 10 Hz to 100 kHz, TA = +25°C 58.0 μV/VO RR Ripple Rejection(11) f = 120 Hz, VI = 13 V to 23 V 56.0 71.0 dB VDROP Dropout Voltage IO = 1 A, TJ = +25°C 2.0 V RO Output Resistance(11) f = 1 kHz 17.0 mΩ ISC Short-Circuit Current VI = 35 V, TJ = +25°C 250 mA IPK Peak Current(11) TJ = +25°C 2.2 A LM78XX / LM78XXA — 3-Terminal 1 A Positive Voltage Regulator © 2006 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation www.fairchildsemi.com LM78XX / LM78XXA Rev. 1.3.0 8 Electrical Characteristics (LM7812) Refer to the test circuit, -40°C < TJ < 125°C, IO = 500 mA, VI = 19 V, CI = 0.33 μF,CO = 0.1 μF, unless otherwise specified. Notes: 12. Load and line regulation are specified at constant junction temperature. Changes in VO due to heating effects must be taken into account separately. Pulse testing with low duty is used. 13. These parameters, although guaranteed, are not 100% tested in production. Symbol Parameter Conditions Min. Typ. Max. Unit VO Output Voltage TJ = +25°C 11.5 12.0 12.5 IO = 5 mA to 1 A, PO ≤ 15 W, V VI = 14.5 V to 27 V 11.4 12.0 12.6 Regline Line Regulation(12) TJ = +25°C VI = 14.5 V to 30 V 10 240 mV VI = 16 V to 22 V 3 120 Regload Load Regulation(12) TJ = +25°C IO = 5 mA to 1.5 A 11 240 mV IO = 250 mA to 750 mA 5 120 IQ Quiescent Current TJ =+25°C 5.1 8.0 mA ΔIQ Quiescent Current Change IO = 5 mA to 1 A 0.1 0.5 mA VI = 14.5 V to 30 V 0.5 1.0 ΔVO/ΔT Output Voltage Drift(13) IO = 5 mA -1.0 mV/°C VN Output Noise Voltage f = 10 Hz to 100 kHz, TA = +25°C 76.0 μV/VO RR Ripple Rejection(13) f = 120 Hz, VI = 15 V to 25 V 55.0 71.0 dB VDROP Dropout Voltage IO = 1 A, TJ = +25°C 2.0 V RO Output Resistance(13) f = 1 kHz 18.0 mΩ ISC Short-Circuit Current VI = 35 V, TJ = +25°C 230 mA IPK Peak Current(13) TJ = +25°C 2.2 A LM78XX / LM78XXA — 3-Terminal 1 A Positive Voltage Regulator © 2006 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation www.fairchildsemi.com LM78XX / LM78XXA Rev. 1.3.0 9 Electrical Characteristics (LM7815) Refer to the test circuit, -40°C < TJ < 125°C, IO = 500 mA, VI = 23 V, CI = 0.33 μF,CO = 0.1 μF, unless otherwise specified. Notes: 14. Load and line regulation are specified at constant junction temperature. Changes in VO due to heating effects must be taken into account separately. Pulse testing with low duty is used. 15. These parameters, although guaranteed, are not 100% tested in production. Symbol Parameter Conditions Min. Typ. Max. Unit VO Output Voltage TJ = +25°C 14.40 15.00 15.60 IO = 5 mA to 1 A, PO ≤ 15 W, V VI = 17.5 V to 30 V 14.25 15.00 15.75 Regline Line Regulation(14) TJ = +25°C VI = 17.5 V to 30 V 11 300 mV VI = 20 V to 26 V 3 150 Regload Load Regulation(14) TJ = +25°C IO = 5 mA to 1.5 A 12 300 mV IO = 250 mA to 750 mA 4 150 IQ Quiescent Current TJ =+25°C 5.2 8.0 mA ΔIQ Quiescent Current Change IO = 5 mA to 1 A 0.5 mA VI = 17.5 V to 30 V 1.0 ΔVO/ΔT Output Voltage Drift(15) IO = 5 mA -1.0 mV/°C VN Output Noise Voltage f = 10 Hz to 100 kHz, TA = +25°C 90.0 μV/VO RR Ripple Rejection(15) f = 120 Hz, VI = 18.5 V to 28.5 V 54.0 70.0 dB VDROP Dropout Voltage IO = 1 A, TJ =+25°C 2.0 V RO Output Resistance(15) f = 1 kHz 19.0 mΩ ISC Short-Circuit Current VI = 35 V, TJ = +25°C 250 mA IPK Peak Current(15) TJ = +25°C 2.2 A LM78XX / LM78XXA — 3-Terminal 1 A Positive Voltage Regulator © 2006 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation www.fairchildsemi.com LM78XX / LM78XXA Rev. 1.3.0 10 Electrical Characteristics (LM7818) Refer to the test circuit, -40°C < TJ < 125°C, IO = 500 mA, VI = 27 V, CI = 0.33 μF, CO = 0.1 μF, unless otherwise specified. Notes: 16. Load and line regulation are specified at constant junction temperature. Changes in VO due to heating effects must be taken into account separately. Pulse testing with low duty is used. 17. These parameters, although guaranteed, are not 100% tested in production. Symbol Parameter Conditions Min. Typ. Max. Unit VO Output Voltage TJ = +25°C 17.3 18.0 18.7 IO = 5 mA to 1 A, PO ≤ 15 W, V VI = 21 V to 33 V 17.1 18.0 18.9 Regline Line Regulation(16) TJ = +25°C VI = 21 V to 33 V 15 360 mV VI = 24 V to 30 V 5 180 Regload Load Regulation(16) TJ = +25°C IO = 5 mA to 1.5 A 15 360 mV IO = 250 mA to 750 mA 5 180 IQ Quiescent Current TJ =+25°C 5.2 8.0 mA ΔIQ Quiescent Current Change IO = 5 mA to 1 A 0.5 mA VI = 21 V to 33 V 1.0 ΔVO/ΔT Output Voltage Drift(17) IO = 5 mA -1.0 mV/°C VN Output Noise Voltage f = 10 Hz to 100 kHz, TA = +25°C 110 μV/VO RR Ripple Rejection(17) f = 120 Hz, VI = 22 V to 32 V 53.0 69.0 dB VDROP Dropout Voltage IO = 1 A, TJ =+25°C 2.0 V RO Output Resistance(17) f = 1 kHz 22.0 mΩ ISC Short-Circuit Current VI = 35 V, TJ =+25°C 250 mA IPK Peak Current(17) TJ =+25°C 2.2 A LM78XX / LM78XXA — 3-Terminal 1 A Positive Voltage Regulator © 2006 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation www.fairchildsemi.com LM78XX / LM78XXA Rev. 1.3.0 11 Electrical Characteristics (LM7824) Refer to the test circuit, -40°C < TJ < 125°C, IO = 500 mA, VI = 33 V, CI = 0.33 μF, CO = 0.1 μF, unless otherwise specified. Notes: 18. Load and line regulation are specified at constant junction temperature. Changes in VO due to heating effects must be taken into account separately. Pulse testing with low duty is used. 19. These parameters, although guaranteed, are not 100% tested in production. Symbol Parameter Conditions Min. Typ. Max. Unit VO Output Voltage TJ = +25°C 23.00 24.00 25.00 IO = 5 mA to 1 A, PO ≤ 15 W, V VI = 27 V to 38 V 22.80 24.00 25.25 Regline Line Regulation(18) TJ = +25°C VI = 27 V to 38 V 17 480 mV VI = 30 V to 36 V 6 240 Regload Load Regulation(18) TJ = +25°C IO = 5 mA to 1.5 A 15 480 mV IO = 250 mA to 750 mA 5 240 IQ Quiescent Current TJ =+25°C 5.2 8.0 mA ΔIQ Quiescent Current Change IO = 5 mA to 1 A 0.1 0.5 mA VI = 27 V to 38 V 0.5 1.0 ΔVO/ΔT Output Voltage Drift(19) IO = 5 mA -1.5 mV/°C VN Output Noise Voltage f = 10 Hz to 100 kHz, TA = +25°C 6.0 μV/VO RR Ripple Rejection(19) f = 120 Hz, VI = 28 V to 38 V 50.0 67.0 dB VDROP Dropout Voltage IO = 1 A, TJ = +25°C 2.0 V RO Output Resistance(19) f = 1 kHz 28.0 mΩ ISC Short-Circuit Current VI = 35 V, TJ = +25°C 230 mA IPK Peak Current(19) TJ = +25°C 2.2 A LM78XX / LM78XXA — 3-Terminal 1 A Positive Voltage Regulator © 2006 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation www.fairchildsemi.com LM78XX / LM78XXA Rev. 1.3.0 12 Electrical Characteristics (LM7805A) Refer to the test circuit, 0°C < TJ < 125°C, IO = 1 A, VI = 10 V, CI = 0.33 μF, CO = 0.1 μF, unless otherwise specified. Notes: 20. Load and line regulation are specified at constant junction temperature. Changes in VO due to heating effects must be taken into account separately. Pulse testing with low duty is used. 21. These parameters, although guaranteed, are not 100% tested in production. Symbol Parameter Conditions Min. Typ. Max. Unit VO Output Voltage TJ = +25°C 4.9 5.0 5.1 IO = 5 mA to 1 A, PO ≤ 15 W, V VI = 7.5 V to 20 V 4.8 5.0 5.2 Regline Line Regulation(20) VI = 7.5 V to 25 V, IO = 500 mA 5.0 50.0 mV VI = 8 V to 12 V 3.0 50.0 TJ = +25°C VI = 7.3 V to 20 V 5.0 50.0 VI = 8 V to 12 V 1.5 25.0 Regload Load Regulation(20) TJ = +25°C, IO = 5 mA to 1.5 A 9.0 100.0 IO = 5 mA to 1 A 9.0 100.0 mV IO = 250 mA to 750 mA 4.0 50.0 IQ Quiescent Current TJ =+25°C 5.0 6.0 mA ΔIQ Quiescent Current Change IO = 5 mA to 1 A 0.5 VI = 8 V to 25 V, IO = 500 mA 0.8 mA VI = 7.5 V to 20 V, TJ = +25°C 0.8 ΔVO/ΔT Output Voltage Drift(21) IO = 5 mA -0.8 mV/°C VN Output Noise Voltage f = 10 Hz to 100 kHz, TA = +25°C 10.0 μV/VO RR Ripple Rejection(21) f = 120 Hz, VO = 500 mA, VI =8 V to 18 V 68.0 dB VDROP Dropout Voltage IO = 1 A, TJ =+25°C 2.0 V RO Output Resistance(21) f = 1 kHz 17.0 mΩ ISC Short-Circuit Current VI = 35 V, TJ =+25°C 250 mA IPK Peak Current(21) TJ =+25°C 2.2 A LM78XX / LM78XXA — 3-Terminal 1 A Positive Voltage Regulator © 2006 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation www.fairchildsemi.com LM78XX / LM78XXA Rev. 1.3.0 13 Electrical Characteristics (LM7809A) Refer to the test circuit, 0°C < TJ < 125°C, IO = 1 A, VI = 15 V, CI = 0.33 μF,CO = 0.1 μF, unless otherwise specified. Notes: 22. Load and line regulation are specified at constant junction temperature. Changes in VO due to heating effects must be taken into account separately. Pulse testing with low duty is used. 23. These parameters, although guaranteed, are not 100% tested in production. Symbol Parameter Conditions Min. Typ. Max. Unit VO Output Voltage TJ = +25°C 8.82 9.00 9.16 IO = 5 mA to 1 A, PO ≤ 15 W, V VI = 11.2 V to 24 V 8.65 9.00 9.35 Regline Line Regulation(22) VI = 11.7 V to 25 V, IO = 500 mA 6.0 90.0 mV VI = 12.5 V to 19 V 4.0 45.0 TJ = +25°C VI = 11.5 V to 24 V 6.0 90.0 VI = 12.5 V to 19 V 2.0 45.0 Regload Load Regulation(22) TJ = +25°C, IO = 5 mA to 1.5 A 12.0 100.0 IO = 5 mA to 1 A 12.0 100.0 mV IO = 250 mA to 750 mA 5.0 50.0 IQ Quiescent Current TJ = +25°C 5.0 6.0 mA ΔIQ Quiescent Current Change IO = 5 mA to 1 A 0.5 VI = 12 V to 25 V, IO = 500 mA 0.8 mA VI = 11.7 V to 25 V, TJ = +25°C 0.8 ΔVO/ΔT Output Voltage Drift(23) IO = 5 mA -1.0 mV/°C VN Output Noise Voltage f = 10 Hz to 100 kHz, TA = +25°C 10.0 μV/VO RR Ripple Rejection(23) f = 120 Hz, VO = 500 mA, VI =12 V to 22 V 62.0 dB VDROP Dropout Voltage IO = 1 A, TJ = +25°C 2.0 V RO Output Resistance(23) f = 1 kHz 17.0 mΩ ISC Short-Circuit Current VI = 35 V, TJ = +25°C 250 mA IPK Peak Current(23) TJ = +25°C 2.2 A LM78XX / LM78XXA — 3-Terminal 1 A Positive Voltage Regulator © 2006 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation www.fairchildsemi.com LM78XX / LM78XXA Rev. 1.3.0 14 Electrical Characteristics (LM7810A) Refer to the test circuit, 0°C < TJ < 125°C, IO = 1 A, VI = 16 V, CI = 0.33 μF, CO = 0.1 μF, unless otherwise specified. Notes: 24. Load and line regulation are specified at constant junction temperature. Changes in VO due to heating effects must be taken into account separately. Pulse testing with low duty is used. 25. These parameters, although guaranteed, are not 100% tested in production. Symbol Parameter Conditions Min. Typ. Max. Unit VO Output Voltage TJ = +25°C 9.8 10.0 10.2 IO = 5 mA to 1 A, PO ≤ 15 W, V VI = 12.8 V to 25 V 9.6 10.0 10.4 Regline Line Regulation(24) VI = 12.8 V to 26 V, IO = 500 mA 8.0 100.0 mV VI = 13 V to 20 V 4.0 50.0 TJ = +25°C VI = 12.5 V to 25 V 8.0 100.0 VI = 13 V to 20 V 3.0 50.0 Regload Load Regulation(24) TJ = +25°C, IO = 5 mA to 1.5 A 12.0 100.0 IO = 5 mA to 1 A 12.0 100.0 mV IO = 250 mA to 750 mA 5.0 50.0 IQ Quiescent Current TJ =+25°C 5.0 6.0 mA ΔIQ Quiescent Current Change IO = 5 mA to 1 A 0.5 VI = 12.8 V to 25 V, IO = 500 mA 0.8 mA VI = 13 V to 26 V, TJ = +25°C 0.5 ΔVO/ΔT Output Voltage Drift(25) IO = 5 mA -1.0 mV/°C VN Output Noise Voltage f = 10 Hz to 100 kHz, TA = +25°C 10.0 μV/VO RR Ripple Rejection(25) f = 120 Hz, VO = 500 mA, VI =14 V to 24 V 62.0 dB VDROP Dropout Voltage IO = 1 A, TJ =+25°C 2.0 V RO Output Resistance(25) f = 1 kHz 17.0 mΩ ISC Short-Circuit Current VI = 35 V, TJ =+25°C 250 mA IPK Peak Current(25) TJ =+25°C 2.2 A LM78XX / LM78XXA — 3-Terminal 1 A Positive Voltage Regulator © 2006 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation www.fairchildsemi.com LM78XX / LM78XXA Rev. 1.3.0 15 Electrical Characteristics (LM7812A) Refer to the test circuit, 0°C < TJ < 125°C, IO = 1 A, VI = 19 V, CI = 0.33 μF, CO = 0.1 μF, unless otherwise specified. Notes: 26. Load and line regulation are specified at constant junction temperature. Changes in VO due to heating effects must be taken into account separately. Pulse testing with low duty is used. 27. These parameters, although guaranteed, are not 100% tested in production. Symbol Parameter Conditions Min. Typ. Max. Unit VO Output Voltage TJ = +25°C 11.75 12.00 12.25 IO = 5 mA to 1 A, PO ≤ 15 W, V VI = 14.8 V to 27 V 11.50 12.00 12.50 Regline Line Regulation(26) VI = 14.8 V to 30 V, IO = 500 mA 10.0 120.0 mV VI = 16 V to 22 V 4.0 120.0 TJ = +25°C VI = 14.5 V to 27 V 10.0 120.0 VI = 16 V to 22 V 3.0 60.0 Regload Load Regulation(26) TJ = +25°C, IO = 5 mA to 1.5 A 12.0 100.0 IO = 5 mA to 1 A 12.0 100.0 mV IO = 250 mA to 750 mA 5.0 50.0 IQ Quiescent Current TJ = +25°C 5.0 6.0 mA ΔIQ Quiescent Current Change IO = 5 mA to 1 A 0.5 VI = 14 V to 27 V, IO = 500 mA 0.8 mA VI = 15 V to 30 V, TJ = +25°C 0.8 ΔVO/ΔT Output Voltage Drift(27) IO = 5 mA -1.0 mV/°C VN Output Noise Voltage f = 10 Hz to 100 kHz, TA = +25°C 10.0 μV/VO RR Ripple Rejection(27) f = 120 Hz, VO = 500 mA, VI =14 V to 24 V 60.0 dB VDROP Dropout Voltage IO = 1 A, TJ = +25°C 2.0 V RO Output Resistance(27) f = 1 kHz 18.0 mΩ ISC Short-Circuit Current VI = 35 V, TJ = +25°C 250 mA IPK Peak Current(27) TJ = +25°C 2.2 A LM78XX / LM78XXA — 3-Terminal 1 A Positive Voltage Regulator © 2006 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation www.fairchildsemi.com LM78XX / LM78XXA Rev. 1.3.0 16 Electrical Characteristics (LM7815A) Refer to the test circuit, 0°C < TJ < 125°C, IO = 1 A, VI = 23 V, CI = 0.33 μF, CO = 0.1 μF, unless otherwise specified. Notes: 28. Load and line regulation are specified at constant junction temperature. Changes in VO due to heating effects must be taken into account separately. Pulse testing with low duty is used. 29. These parameters, although guaranteed, are not 100% tested in production. Symbol Parameter Conditions Min. Typ. Max. Unit VO Output Voltage TJ = +25°C 14.75 15.00 15.30 IO = 5 mA to 1 A, PO ≤ 15 W, V VI = 17.7 V to 30 V 14.40 15.00 15.60 Regline Line Regulation(28) VI = 17.4 V to 30 V, IO = 500 mA 10.0 150.0 mV VI = 20 V to 26 V 5.0 150.0 TJ = +25°C VI = 17.5 V to 30 V 11.0 150.0 VI = 20 V to 26 V 3.0 75.0 Regload Load Regulation(28) TJ = +25°C, IO = 5 mA to 1.5 A 12.0 100.0 IO = 5 mA to 1 A 12.0 100.0 mV IO = 250 mA to 750 mA 5.0 50.0 IQ Quiescent Current TJ =+25°C 5.2 6.0 mA ΔIQ Quiescent Current Change IO = 5 mA to 1 A 0.5 VI = 17.5 V to 30 V, IO = 500 mA 0.8 mA VI = 17.5 V to 30 V, TJ = +25°C 0.8 ΔVO/ΔT Output Voltage Drift(29) IO = 5 mA -1.0 mV/°C VN Output Noise Voltage f = 10 Hz to 100 kHz, TA = +25°C 10.0 μV/VO RR Ripple Rejection(29) f = 120 Hz, VO = 500 mA, VI =18.5 V to 28.5 V 58.0 dB VDROP Dropout Voltage IO = 1 A, TJ =+25°C 2.0 V RO Output Resistance(29) f = 1 kHz 19.0 mΩ ISC Short-Circuit Current VI = 35 V, TJ =+25°C 250 mA IPK Peak Current(29) TJ =+25°C 2.2 A LM78XX / LM78XXA — 3-Terminal 1 A Positive Voltage Regulator © 2006 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation www.fairchildsemi.com LM78XX / LM78XXA Rev. 1.3.0 17 Typical Performance Characteristics Figure 2. Quiescent Current Figure 3. Peak Output Current Figure 4. Output Voltage Figure 5. Quiescent Current LM78XX / LM78XXA — 3-Terminal 1 A Positive Voltage Regulator © 2006 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation www.fairchildsemi.com LM78XX / LM78XXA Rev. 1.3.0 18 Typical Applications Figure 6. DC Parameters Figure 7. Load Regulation Figure 8. Ripple Rejection CI CO 0.1μF 0.33μF Input Output LM78XX 1 3 2 LM78XX 3 2 1 0.33μF 270pF 100Ω 30μS RL 2N6121 or EQ Input Output VO 0V VO LM78XX Input Output 5.1Ω 0.33μF 2 1 3 RL 470μF 120Hz + LM78XX / LM78XXA — 3-Terminal 1 A Positive Voltage Regulator © 2006 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation www.fairchildsemi.com LM78XX / LM78XXA Rev. 1.3.0 19 Figure 9. Fixed-Output Regulator Notes: 29. To specify an output voltage, substitute voltage value for “XX”. A common ground is required between the input and the output voltage. The input voltage must remain typically 2.0 V above the output voltage even during the low point on the input ripple voltage. 30. CI is required if regulator is located an appreciable distance from power supply filter. 31. CO improves stability and transient response. Figure 10. Figure 11. Circuit for Increasing Output Voltage CI CO 0.1μF 0.33μF Input Output LM78XX 1 3 2 CI CO 0.1μF 0.33μF Output Input LM78XX 1 3 2 VXX R1 RL IQ IO IO = R1 +IQ VXX CI CO 0.1μF 0.33μF Output Input LM78XX 1 3 2 VXX R1 R2 IQ IRI ≥ 5 IQ VO = VXX(1 + R2 / R1) + IQR2 LM78XX / LM78XXA — 3-Terminal 1 A Positive Voltage Regulator © 2006 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation www.fairchildsemi.com LM78XX / LM78XXA Rev. 1.3.0 20 Figure 12. Adjustable Output Regulator (7 V to 30 V) Figure 13. High-Current Voltage Regulator Figure 14. High Output Current with Short-Circuit Protection LM741 - + 2 3 6 4 2 1 3 CI 0.33μF Input Output 0.1μF CO LM7805 10kΩ IRI ≥ 5 IQ VO = VXX(1 + R2 / R1) + IQR2 3 2 1 LM78XX Output Input R1 3Ω 0.33μF IREG 0.1μF IO IQ1 IO = IREG + BQ1 (IREG–VBEQ1/R1) Q1 BD536 R1 = VBEQ1 IREG–IQ1/ BQ1 LM78XX Output 0.33μF 0.1μF R1 3Ω 3 2 1 Input Q1 Q2 Q1 = TIP42 Q2 = TIP42 RSC = I SC VBEQ2 RSC LM78XX / LM78XXA — 3-Terminal 1 A Positive Voltage Regulator © 2006 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation www.fairchildsemi.com LM78XX / LM78XXA Rev. 1.3.0 21 Figure 15. Tracking Voltage Regulator Figure 16. Split Power Supply (±15 V - 1 A) LM78XX LM741 0.33μF 0.1μF 1 2 3 7 2 6 4 3 4.7kΩ 4.7kΩ TIP42 COMMON COMMON VO -VO VI -VIN _ + 1 3 2 1 2 3 0.33μF 0.1μF 2.2μF 1μF + + 1N4001 1N4001 +15V -15V +20V -20V LM7815 MC7915 LM78XX / LM78XXA — 3-Terminal 1 A Positive Voltage Regulator © 2006 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation www.fairchildsemi.com LM78XX / LM78XXA Rev. 1.3.0 22 Figure 17. Negative Output Voltage Circuit Figure 18. Switching Regulator LM78XX Output Input + 1 2 0.1μF 3 LM78XX 1mH 1 3 2 2000μF Input Output D45H11 0.33μF 470Ω 4.7Ω 10μF 0.5Ω Z1 + + LM78XX / LM78XXA — 3-Terminal 1 A Positive Voltage Regulator © 2006 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation www.fairchildsemi.com LM78XX / LM78XXA Rev. 1.3.0 23 Physical Dimensions Figure 19. TO-220, MOLDED, 3-LEAD, JEDEC VARIATION AB (ACTIVE) Package drawings are provided as a service to customers considering Fairchild components. Drawings may change in any manner without notice. Please note the revision and/or date on the drawing and contact a Fairchild Semiconductor representative to verify or obtain the most recent revision. Package specifications do not expand the terms of Fairchild’s worldwide terms and conditions, specifically the warranty therein, which covers Fairchild products. Always visit Fairchild Semiconductor’s online packaging area for the most recent package drawings: http://www.fairchildsemi.com/dwg/TO/TO220B03.pdf. For current tape and reel specifications, visit Fairchild Semiconductor’s online packaging area: http://www.fairchildsemi.com/packing_dwg/PKG-TO220B03_TC.pdf. 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Obsolete Not In Production Datasheet contains specifications on a product that is discontinued by Fairchild Semiconductor. The datasheet is for reference information only. Rev. I65 ® Low Cost Low Power Instrumentation Amplifier AD620 Rev. H Information furnished by Analog Devices is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Analog Devices for its use, nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties that may result from its use. Specifications subject to change without notice. No license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of Analog Devices. Trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners. One Technology Way, P.O. Box 9106, Norwood, MA 02062-9106, U.S.A. Tel: 781.329.4700 www.analog.com Fax: 781.326.8703© 2003–2011 Analog Devices, Inc. All rights reserved. FEATURES Easy to use Gain set with one external resistor (Gain range 1 to 10,000) Wide power supply range (±2.3 V to ±18 V) Higher performance than 3 op amp IA designs Available in 8-lead DIP and SOIC packaging Low power, 1.3 mA max supply current Excellent dc performance (B grade) 50 μV max, input offset voltage 0.6 μV/°C max, input offset drift 1.0 nA max, input bias current 100 dB min common-mode rejection ratio (G = 10) Low noise 9 nV/√Hz @ 1 kHz, input voltage noise 0.28 μV p-p noise (0.1 Hz to 10 Hz) Excellent ac specifications 120 kHz bandwidth (G = 100) 15 μs settling time to 0.01% APPLICATIONS Weigh scales ECG and medical instrumentation Transducer interface Data acquisition systems Industrial process controls Battery-powered and portable equipment CONNECTION DIAGRAM –IN RG –VS +IN RG +VS OUTPUT REF 1 2 3 4 8 7 6 AD620 5 TOP VIEW 00775-0-001 Figure 1. 8-Lead PDIP (N), CERDIP (Q), and SOIC (R) Packages PRODUCT DESCRIPTION The AD620 is a low cost, high accuracy instrumentation amplifier that requires only one external resistor to set gains of 1 to 10,000. Furthermore, the AD620 features 8-lead SOIC and DIP packaging that is smaller than discrete designs and offers lower power (only 1.3 mA max supply current), making it a good fit for battery-powered, portable (or remote) applications. The AD620, with its high accuracy of 40 ppm maximum nonlinearity, low offset voltage of 50 μV max, and offset drift of 0.6 μV/°C max, is ideal for use in precision data acquisition systems, such as weigh scales and transducer interfaces. Furthermore, the low noise, low input bias current, and low power of the AD620 make it well suited for medical applications, such as ECG and noninvasive blood pressure monitors. The low input bias current of 1.0 nA max is made possible with the use of Superϐeta processing in the input stage. The AD620 works well as a preamplifier due to its low input voltage noise of 9 nV/√Hz at 1 kHz, 0.28 μV p-p in the 0.1 Hz to 10 Hz band, and 0.1 pA/√Hz input current noise. Also, the AD620 is well suited for multiplexed applications with its settling time of 15 μs to 0.01%, and its cost is low enough to enable designs with one in-amp per channel. Table 1. Next Generation Upgrades for AD620 Part Comment AD8221 Better specs at lower price AD8222 Dual channel or differential out AD8226 Low power, wide input range AD8220 JFET input AD8228 Best gain accuracy AD8295 +2 precision op amps or differential out AD8429 Ultra low noise 0 5 10 15 20 30,000 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 0 TOTAL ERROR, PPM OF FULL SCALE SUPPLY CURRENT (mA) AD620A RG 3 OP AMP IN-AMP (3 OP-07s) 00775-0-002 Figure 2. Three Op Amp IA Designs vs. AD620 IMPORTANT LINKS for the AD620* Last content update 01/08/2014 09:49 am Looking for a high performance in-amp with lower noise, wider bandwidth, and fast settling time? Consider the AD8421 Looking for a high performance in-amp with lower power and a rail-to-rail output? Consider the AD8422. DOCUMENTATION AD620: Military Data Sheet AN-282: Fundamentals of Sampled Data Systems AN-244: A User's Guide to I.C. Instrumentation Amplifiers AN-245: Instrumentation Amplifiers Solve Unusual Design Problems AN-671: Reducing RFI Rectification Errors in In-Amp Circuits AN-589: Ways to Optimize the Performance of a Difference Amplifier A Designer's Guide to Instrumentation Amplifiers (3rd Edition) UG-261: Evaluation Boards for the AD62x, AD822x and AD842x Series ECG Front-End Design is Simplified with MicroConverter Low-Power, Low-Voltage IC Choices for ECG System Requirements Ask The Applications Engineer-10 Auto-Zero Amplifiers High-performance Adder Uses Instrumentation Amplifiers Protecting Instrumentation Amplifiers Input Filter Prevents Instrumentation-amp RF-Rectification Errors The AD8221 - Setting a New Industry Standard for Instrumentation Amplifiers ADI Warns Against Misuse of COTS Integrated Circuits Space Qualified Parts List Applying Instrumentation Amplifiers Effectively: The Importance of an Input Ground Return Leading Inside Advertorials: Applying Instrumentation Amplifiers Effectively–The Importance of an Input Ground Return DESIGN TOOLS, MODELS, DRIVERS & SOFTWARE In-Amp Error Calculator These tools will help estimate error contributions in your instrumentation amplifier circuit. It uses input parameters such as temperature, gain, voltage input, and source impedance to determine the errors that can contribute to your overall design. In-Amp Common Mode Calculator AD620 SPICE Macro-Model AD620A SPICE Macro-Model AD620B SPICE Macro-Model AD620S SPICE Macro-Model AD620 SABER Macro-Model Conv, 10/00 EVALUATION KITS & SYMBOLS & FOOTPRINTS View the Evaluation Boards and Kits page for documentation and purchasing Symbols and Footprints PRODUCT RECOMMENDATIONS & REFERENCE DESIGNS CN-0146: Low Cost Programmable Gain Instrumentation Amplifier Circuit Using the ADG1611 Quad SPST Switch and AD620 Instrumentation Amplifier DESIGN COLLABORATION COMMUNITY Collaborate Online with the ADI support team and other designers about select ADI products. Follow us on Twitter: www.twitter.com/ADI_News Like us on Facebook: www.facebook.com/AnalogDevicesInc DESIGN SUPPORT Submit your support request here: Linear and Data Converters Embedded Processing and DSP Telephone our Customer Interaction Centers toll free: Americas: 1-800-262-5643 Europe: 00800-266-822-82 China: 4006-100-006 India: 1800-419-0108 Russia: 8-800-555-45-90 Quality and Reliability Lead(Pb)-Free Data SAMPLE & BUY AD620 View Price & Packaging Request Evaluation Board Request Samples Check Inventory & Purchase Find Local Distributors * This page was dynamically generated by Analo g Devices, Inc. and inserted into this data sheet. Note: Dynamic changes to the content on this page (labeled 'Important Links') does not constitute a change to the revision number of the product data sheet. This content may be frequently modified. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) AD620 Rev. H | Page 2 of 20 TABLE OF CONTENTS Specifications .....................................................................................3 Absolute Maximum Ratings ............................................................5 ESD Caution ..................................................................................5 Typical Performance Characteristics..............................................6 Theory of Operation.......................................................................12 Gain Selection..............................................................................15 Input and Output Offset Voltage ..............................................15 Reference Terminal .....................................................................15 Input Protection ..........................................................................15 RF Interference............................................................................15 Common-Mode Rejection.........................................................16 Grounding....................................................................................16 Ground Returns for Input Bias Currents.................................17 AD620ACHIPS Information.........................................................18 Outline Dimensions........................................................................19 Ordering Guide ...........................................................................20 REVISION HISTORY 7/11—Rev. G to Rev. H Deleted Figure 3.................................................................................1 Added Table 1 ....................................................................................1 Moved Figure 2 ..................................................................................1 Added ESD Input Diodes to Simplified Schematic ....................12 Changes to Input Protection Section............................................15 Added Figure 41; Renumbered Sequentially ...............................15 Changes to AD620ACHIPS Information Section ......................18 Updated Ordering Guide ...............................................................20 12/04—Rev. F to Rev. G Updated Format..................................................................Universal Change to Features............................................................................1 Change to Product Description.......................................................1 Changes to Specifications.................................................................3 Added Metallization Photograph....................................................4 Replaced Figure 4-Figure 6 ..............................................................6 Replaced Figure 15............................................................................7 Replaced Figure 33..........................................................................10 Replaced Figure 34 and Figure 35.................................................10 Replaced Figure 37..........................................................................10 Changes to Table 3 ..........................................................................13 Changes to Figure 41 and Figure 42 .............................................14 Changes to Figure 43 ......................................................................15 Change to Figure 44 ........................................................................17 Changes to Input Protection section ............................................15 Deleted Figure 9 ..............................................................................15 Changes to RF Interference section..............................................15 Edit to Ground Returns for Input Bias Currents section...........17 Added AD620CHIPS to Ordering Guide ....................................19 7/03—Data Sheet Changed from Rev. E to Rev. F Edit to FEATURES............................................................................1 Changes to SPECIFICATIONS.......................................................2 Removed AD620CHIPS from ORDERING GUIDE ...................4 Removed METALLIZATION PHOTOGRAPH...........................4 Replaced TPCs 1–3 ...........................................................................5 Replaced TPC 12...............................................................................6 Replaced TPC 30...............................................................................9 Replaced TPCs 31 and 32...............................................................10 Replaced Figure 4............................................................................10 Changes to Table I...........................................................................11 Changes to Figures 6 and 7 ............................................................12 Changes to Figure 8 ........................................................................13 Edited INPUT PROTECTION section........................................13 Added new Figure 9........................................................................13 Changes to RF INTERFACE section ............................................14 Edit to GROUND RETURNS FOR INPUT BIAS CURRENTS section...............................................................................................15 Updated OUTLINE DIMENSIONS.............................................16 AD620 Rev. H | Page 3 of 20 SPECIFICATIONS Typical @ 25°C, VS = ±15 V, and RL = 2 kΩ, unless otherwise noted. Table 2. Parameter Conditions AD620A AD620B AD620S1 Min Typ Max Min Typ Max Min Typ Max Unit GAIN G = 1 + (49.4 kΩ/RG) Gain Range 1 10,000 1 10,000 1 10,000 Gain Error2 VOUT = ±10 V G = 1 0.03 0.10 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.10 % G = 10 0.15 0.30 0.10 0.15 0.15 0.30 % G = 100 0.15 0.30 0.10 0.15 0.15 0.30 % G = 1000 0.40 0.70 0.35 0.50 0.40 0.70 % Nonlinearity VOUT = −10 V to +10 V G = 1–1000 RL = 10 kΩ 10 40 10 40 10 40 ppm G = 1–100 RL = 2 kΩ 10 95 10 95 10 95 ppm Gain vs. Temperature G = 1 10 10 10 ppm/°C Gain >12 −50 −50 −50 ppm/°C VOLTAGE OFFSET (Total RTI Error = VOSI + VOSO/G) Input Offset, VOSI VS = ±5 V to ± 15 V 30 125 15 50 30 125 μV Overtemperature VS = ±5 V to ± 15 V 185 85 225 μV Average TC VS = ±5 V to ± 15 V 0.3 1.0 0.1 0.6 0.3 1.0 μV/°C Output Offset, VOSO VS = ±15 V 400 1000 200 500 400 1000 μV VS = ± 5 V 1500 750 1500 μV Overtemperature VS = ±5 V to ± 15 V 2000 1000 2000 μV Average TC VS = ±5 V to ± 15 V 5.0 15 2.5 7.0 5.0 15 μV/°C Offset Referred to the Input vs. Supply (PSR) VS = ±2.3 V to ±18 V G = 1 80 100 80 100 80 100 dB G = 10 95 120 100 120 95 120 dB G = 100 110 140 120 140 110 140 dB G = 1000 110 140 120 140 110 140 dB INPUT CURRENT Input Bias Current 0.5 2.0 0.5 1.0 0.5 2 nA Overtemperature 2.5 1.5 4 nA Average TC 3.0 3.0 8.0 pA/°C Input Offset Current 0.3 1.0 0.3 0.5 0.3 1.0 nA Overtemperature 1.5 0.75 2.0 nA Average TC 1.5 1.5 8.0 pA/°C INPUT Input Impedance Differential 10||2 10||2 10||2 GΩ_pF Common-Mode 10||2 10||2 10||2 GΩ_pF Input Voltage Range3 VS = ±2.3 V to ±5 V −VS + 1.9 +VS − 1.2 −VS + 1.9 +VS − 1.2 −VS + 1.9 +VS − 1.2 V Overtemperature −VS + 2.1 +VS − 1.3 −VS + 2.1 +VS − 1.3 −VS + 2.1 +VS − 1.3 V VS = ± 5 V to ±18 V −VS + 1.9 +VS − 1.4 −VS + 1.9 +VS − 1.4 −VS + 1.9 +VS − 1.4 V Overtemperature −VS + 2.1 +VS − 1.4 −VS + 2.1 +VS + 2.1 −VS + 2.3 +VS − 1.4 V AD620 Rev. H | Page 4 of 20 AD620A AD620B AD620S1 Parameter Conditions Min Typ Max Min Typ Max Min Typ Max Unit Common-Mode Rejection Ratio DC to 60 Hz with 1 kΩ Source Imbalance VCM = 0 V to ± 10 V G = 1 73 90 80 90 73 90 dB G = 10 93 110 100 110 93 110 dB G = 100 110 130 120 130 110 130 dB G = 1000 110 130 120 130 110 130 dB OUTPUT Output Swing RL = 10 kΩ VS = ±2.3 V to ± 5 V −VS + 1.1 +VS − 1.2 −VS + 1.1 +VS − 1.2 −VS + 1.1 +VS − 1.2 V Overtemperature −VS + 1.4 +VS − 1.3 −VS + 1.4 +VS − 1.3 −VS + 1.6 +VS − 1.3 V VS = ±5 V to ± 18 V −VS + 1.2 +VS − 1.4 −VS + 1.2 +VS − 1.4 −VS + 1.2 +VS − 1.4 V Overtemperature −VS + 1.6 +VS – 1.5 −VS + 1.6 +VS – 1.5 –VS + 2.3 +VS – 1.5 V Short Circuit Current ±18 ±18 ±18 mA DYNAMIC RESPONSE Small Signal –3 dB Bandwidth G = 1 1000 1000 1000 kHz G = 10 800 800 800 kHz G = 100 120 120 120 kHz G = 1000 12 12 12 kHz Slew Rate 0.75 1.2 0.75 1.2 0.75 1.2 V/μs Settling Time to 0.01% 10 V Step G = 1–100 15 15 15 μs G = 1000 150 150 150 μs NOISE Voltage Noise, 1 kHz Total RTI Noise (e2 ) (e /G)2 = ni + no Input, Voltage Noise, eni 9 13 9 13 9 13 nV/√Hz Output, Voltage Noise, eno 72 100 72 100 72 100 nV/√Hz RTI, 0.1 Hz to 10 Hz G = 1 3.0 3.0 6.0 3.0 6.0 μV p-p G = 10 0.55 0.55 0.8 0.55 0.8 μV p-p G = 100–1000 0.28 0.28 0.4 0.28 0.4 μV p-p Current Noise f = 1 kHz 100 100 100 fA/√Hz 0.1 Hz to 10 Hz 10 10 10 pA p-p REFERENCE INPUT RIN 20 20 20 kΩ IIN VIN+, VREF = 0 50 60 50 60 50 60 μA Voltage Range −VS + 1.6 +VS − 1.6 −VS + 1.6 +VS − 1.6 −VS + 1.6 +VS − 1.6 V Gain to Output 1 ± 0.0001 1 ± 0.0001 1 ± 0.0001 POWER SUPPLY Operating Range4 ±2.3 ±18 ±2.3 ±18 ±2.3 ±18 V Quiescent Current VS = ±2.3 V to ±18 V 0.9 1.3 0.9 1.3 0.9 1.3 mA Overtemperature 1.1 1.6 1.1 1.6 1.1 1.6 mA TEMPERATURE RANGE For Specified Performance −40 to +85 −40 to +85 −55 to +125 °C 1 See Analog Devices military data sheet for 883B tested specifications. 2 Does not include effects of external resistor RG. 3 One input grounded. G = 1. 4 This is defined as the same supply range that is used to specify PSR. AD620 Rev. H | Page 5 of 20 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS Table 3. Parameter Rating Supply Voltage ±18 V Internal Power Dissipation1 650 mW Input Voltage (Common-Mode) ±VS Differential Input Voltage 25 V Output Short-Circuit Duration Indefinite Storage Temperature Range (Q) −65°C to +150°C Storage Temperature Range (N, R) −65°C to +125°C Operating Temperature Range AD620 (A, B) −40°C to +85°C AD620 (S) −55°C to +125°C Lead Temperature Range (Soldering 10 seconds) 300°C 1 Specification is for device in free air: 8-Lead Plastic Package: θJA = 95°C 8-Lead CERDIP Package: θJA = 110°C 8-Lead SOIC Package: θJA = 155°C Stresses above those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. This is a stress rating only; functional operation of the device at these or any other condition s above those indicated in the operational section of this specification is not implied. Exposure to absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability. ESD CAUTION AD620 Rev. H | Page 6 of 20 TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS (@ 25°C, VS = ±15 V, RL = 2 kΩ, unless otherwise noted.) INPUT OFFSET VOLTAGE (μV) 20 30 40 50 –40 0 40 80 PERCENTAGE OF UNITS –80 SAMPLE SIZE = 360 10 0 00775-0-005 Figure 3. Typical Distribution of Input Offset Voltage INPUT BIAS CURRENT (pA) 0 10 20 30 40 50 –600 0 600 PERCENTAGE OF UNITS –1200 1200 SAMPLE SIZE = 850 00775-0-006 Figure 4. Typical Distribution of Input Bias Current 10 20 30 40 50 –200 0 200 400 INPUT OFFSET CURRENT (pA) PERCENTAGE OF UNITS –400 0 SAMPLE SIZE = 850 00775-0-007 Figure 5. Typical Distribution of Input Offset Current TEMPERATURE (°C) INPUT BIAS CURRENT (nA) +IB –IB 2.0 –2.0 175 –1.0 –1.5 –75 –0.5 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 –25 25 75 125 00775-0-008 Figure 6. Input Bias Current vs. Temperature CHANGE IN OFFSET VOLTAGE (μV) 1.5 0.5 WARM-UP TIME (Minutes) 2.0 0 0 1 1.0 2 3 4 5 00775-0-009 Figure 7. Change in Input Offset Voltage vs. Warm-Up Time FREQUENCY (Hz) 1000 1 1 100k 100 10 100 1k 10k VOLTAGE NOISE (nV/ Hz) GAIN = 1 GAIN = 10 10 GAIN = 100, 1,000 GAIN = 1000 BW LIMIT 00775-0-010 Figure 8. Voltage Noise Spectral Density vs. Frequency (G = 1−1000) AD620 Rev. H | Page 7 of 20 FREQUENCY (Hz) 1000 100 10 1 10 100 1000 CURRENT NOISE (fA/ Hz) 00775-0-011 Figure 9. Current Noise Spectral Density vs. Frequency RTI NOISE (2.0μV/DIV) TIME (1 SEC/DIV) 00775-0-012 Figure 10. 0.1 Hz to 10 Hz RTI Voltage Noise (G = 1) RTI NOISE (0.1μV/DIV) TIME (1 SEC/DIV) 00775-0-013 Figure 11. 0.1 Hz to 10 Hz RTI Voltage Noise (G = 1000) 00775-0-014 Figure 12. 0.1 Hz to 10 Hz Current Noise, 5 pA/Div 100 1000 AD620A FET INPUT IN-AMP SOURCE RESISTANCE (Ω) TOTAL DRIFT FROM 25°C TO 85°C, RTI (μV) 100,000 10 1k 10M 10,000 10k 100k 1M 00775-0-015 Figure 13. Total Drift vs. Source Resistance FREQUENCY (Hz) CMR (dB) 160 0 1M 80 40 1 60 0.1 140 100 120 10 100 1k 10k 100k G = 1000 G = 100 G = 10 G = 1 20 00775-0-016 Figure 14. Typical CMR vs. Frequency, RTI, Zero to 1 kΩ Source Imbalance AD620 Rev. H | Page 8 of 20 FREQUENCY (Hz) PSR (dB) 160 1M 80 40 1 60 0.1 140 100 120 10 100 1k 10k 100k 20 G = 1000 G = 100 G = 10 G = 1 180 00775-0-017 Figure 15. Positive PSR vs. Frequency, RTI (G = 1−1000) FREQUENCY (Hz) PSR (dB) 160 1M 80 40 1 60 0.1 140 100 120 10 100 1k 10k 100k 20 180 G = 10 G = 100 G = 1 G = 1000 00775-0-018 Figure 16. Negative PSR vs. Frequency, RTI (G = 1−1000) 1000 100 10M 100 1 1k 10 10k 100k 1M FREQUENCY (Hz) GAIN (V/V) 0.1 00775-0-019 Figure 17. Gain vs. Frequency OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V p-p) FREQUENCY (Hz) 35 0 1M 15 5 10k 10 1k 30 20 25 100k G = 10, 100, 1000 G = 1 G = 1000 G = 100 BW LIMIT 00775-0-020 Figure 18. Large Signal Frequency Response INPUT VOLTAGE LIMIT (V) (REFERRED TO SUPPLY VOLTAGES) 20 +1.0 +0.5 0 5 +1.5 –1.5 –1.0 –0.5 10 15 SUPPLY VOLTAGE ± Volts +VS –0.0 –VS +0.0 00775-0-021 Figure 19. Input Voltage Range vs. Supply Voltage, G = 1 20 +1.0 +0.5 0 5 +1.5 –1.5 –1.0 –0.5 10 15 SUPPLY VOLTAGE ± Volts RL = 10kΩ RL = 2kΩ RL = 10kΩ OUTPUT VOLTAGE SWING (V) (REFERRED TO SUPPLY VOLTAGES) RL = 2kΩ +VS –VS 00775-0-022 –0.0 +0.0 Figure 20. Output Voltage Swing vs. Supply Voltage, G = 10 AD620 Rev. H | Page 9 of 20 OUTPUT VOLTAGE SWING (V p-p) LOAD RESISTANCE (Ω) 30 0 0 10k 20 10 100 1k VS = ±15V G = 10 00775-0-023 Figure 21. Output Voltage Swing vs. Load Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00775-0-024 Figure 22. Large Signal Pulse Response and Settling Time G = 1 (0.5 mV = 0.01%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00775-0-025 Figure 23. Small Signal Response, G = 1, RL = 2 kΩ, CL = 100 pF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00775-0-026 Figure 24. Large Signal Response and Settling Time, G = 10 (0.5 mV = 0.01%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00775-0-027 Figure 25. Small Signal Response, G = 10, RL = 2 kΩ, CL = 100 pF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00775-0-030 Figure 26. Large Signal Response and Settling Time, G = 100 (0.5 mV = 0.01%) AD620 Rev. H | Page 10 of 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00775-0-029 Figure 27. Small Signal Pulse Response, G = 100, RL = 2 kΩ, CL = 100 pF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00775-0-030 Figure 28. Large Signal Response and Settling Time, G = 1000 (0.5 mV = 0.01% ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00775-0-031 Figure 29. Small Signal Pulse Response, G = 1000, RL = 2 kΩ, CL = 100 pF OUTPUT STEP SIZE (V) SETTLING TIME (μs) TO 0.01% TO 0.1% 20 0 0 2 15 5 5 10 10 15 0 00775-0-032 Figure 30. Settling Time vs. Step Size (G = 1) GAIN SETTLING TIME (μs) 1000 1 1 1000 100 10 10 100 00775-0-033 Figure 31. Settling Time to 0.01% vs. Gain, for a 10 V Step . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00775-0-034 Figure 32. Gain Nonlinearity, G = 1, RL = 10 kΩ (10 μV = 1 ppm) AD620 Rev. H | Page 11 of 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00775-0-035 Figure 33. Gain Nonlinearity, G = 100, RL = 10 kΩ (100 μV = 10 ppm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00775-0-036 Figure 34. Gain Nonlinearity, G = 1000, RL = 10 kΩ (1 mV = 100 ppm) AD620 VOUT G = 1000 G = 1 49.9Ω 10kΩ * 1kΩ 10T 10kΩ 499Ω G = 100 G = 10 5.49kΩ +VS 11kΩ 1kΩ 100Ω 100kΩ INPUT 10V p-p –VS *ALL RESISTORS 1% TOLERANCE 1 7 2 3 8 6 4 5 00775-0-037 Figure 35. Settling Time Test Circuit AD620 Rev. H | Page 12 of 20 THEORY OF OPERATION VB –VS A1 A2 A3 C2 RG R1 R2 GAIN SENSE GAIN SENSE 10kΩ 10kΩ I1 I2 10kΩ REF 10kΩ +IN – IN R4 400Ω OUTPUT C1 Q1 Q2 00775-0-038 R3 400Ω +VS +VS +VS 20μA 20μA Figure 36. Simplified Schematic of AD620 The AD620 is a monolithic instrumentation amplifier based on a modification of the classic three op amp approach. Absolute value trimming allows the user to program gain accurately (to 0.15% at G = 100) with only one resistor. Monolithic construction and laser wafer trimming allow the tight matching and tracking of circuit components, thus ensuring the high level of performance inherent in this circuit. The input transistors Q1 and Q2 provide a single differentialpair bipolar input for high precision (Figure 36), yet offer 10× lower input bias current thanks to Superϐeta processing. Feedback through the Q1-A1-R1 loop and the Q2-A2-R2 loop maintains constant collector current of the input devices Q1 and Q2, thereby impressing the input voltage across the external gain setting resistor RG. This creates a differential gain from the inputs to the A1/A2 outputs given by G = (R1 + R2)/RG + 1. The unity-gain subtractor, A3, removes any common-mode signal, yielding a single-ended output referred to the REF pin potential. The value of RG also determines the transconductance of the preamp stage. As RG is reduced for larger gains, the transconductance increases asymptotically to that of the input transistors. This has three important advantages: (a) Open-loop gain is boosted for increasing programmed gain, thus reducing gain related errors. (b) The gain-bandwidth product (determined by C1 and C2 and the preamp transconductance) increases with programmed gain, thus optimizing frequency response. (c) The input voltage noise is reduced to a value of 9 nV/√Hz, determined mainly by the collector current and base resistance of the input devices. The internal gain resistors, R1 and R2, are trimmed to an absolute value of 24.7 kΩ, allowing the gain to be programmed accurately with a single external resistor. The gain equation is then 1 49.4 + Ω = RG k G 1 49.4 − Ω = G k RG Make vs. Buy: a Typical Bridge Application Error Budget The AD620 offers improved performance over “homebrew” three op amp IA designs, along with smaller size, fewer components, and 10× lower supply current. In the typical application, shown in Figure 37, a gain of 100 is required to amplify a bridge output of 20 mV full-scale over the industrial temperature range of −40°C to +85°C. Table 4 shows how to calculate the effect various error sources have on circuit accuracy. AD620 Rev. H | Page 13 of 20 Regardless of the system in which it is being used, the AD620 provides greater accuracy at low power and price. In simple systems, absolute accuracy and drift errors are by far the most significant contributors to error. In more complex systems with an intelligent processor, an autogain/autozero cycle removes all absolute accuracy and drift errors, leaving only the resolution errors of gain, nonlinearity, and noise, thus allowing full 14-bit accuracy. Note that for the homebrew circuit, the OP07 specifications for input voltage offset and noise have been multiplied by √2. This is because a three op amp type in-amp has two op amps at its inputs, both contributing to the overall input error. R = 350Ω 10V PRECISION BRIDGE TRANSDUCER R = 350Ω R = 350Ω R = 350Ω 00775-0-039 AD620A MONOLITHIC INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER, G = 100 SUPPLY CURRENT = 1.3mA MAX AD620A RG 499Ω REFERENCE 00775-0-040 Figure 37. Make vs. Buy "HOMEBREW" IN-AMP, G = 100 *0.02% RESISTOR MATCH, 3ppm/°C TRACKING **DISCRETE 1% RESISTOR, 100ppm/°C TRACKING SUPPLY CURRENT = 15mA MAX 100Ω ** 10kΩ * 10kΩ ** 10kΩ * 10kΩ * 10kΩ ** 10kΩ* OP07D OP07D OP07D 00775-0-041 Table 4. Make vs. Buy Error Budget Error, ppm of Full Scale Error Source AD620 Circuit Calculation “Homebrew” Circuit Calculation AD620 Homebrew ABSOLUTE ACCURACY at TA = 25°C Input Offset Voltage, μV 125 μV/20 mV (150 μV × √2)/20 mV 6,250 10,607 Output Offset Voltage, μV 1000 μV/100 mV/20 mV ((150 μV × 2)/100)/20 mV 500 150 Input Offset Current, nA 2 nA ×350 Ω/20 mV (6 nA ×350 Ω)/20 mV 18 53 CMR, dB 110 dB(3.16 ppm) ×5 V/20 mV (0.02% Match × 5 V)/20 mV/100 791 500 Total Absolute Error 7,559 11,310 DRIFT TO 85°C Gain Drift, ppm/°C (50 ppm + 10 ppm) ×60°C 100 ppm/°C Track × 60°C 3,600 6,000 Input Offset Voltage Drift, μV/°C 1 μV/°C × 60°C/20 mV (2.5 μV/°C × √2 × 60°C)/20 mV 3,000 10,607 Output Offset Voltage Drift, μV/°C 15 μV/°C × 60°C/100 mV/20 mV (2.5 μV/°C × 2 × 60°C)/100 mV/20 mV 450 150 Total Drift Error 7,050 16,757 RESOLUTION Gain Nonlinearity, ppm of Full Scale 40 ppm 40 ppm 40 40 Typ 0.1 Hz to 10 Hz Voltage Noise, μV p-p 0.28 μV p-p/20 mV (0.38 μV p-p × √2)/20 mV 14 27 Total Resolution Error 54 67 Grand Total Error 14,663 28,134 G = 100, VS = ±15 V. (All errors are min/max and referred to input.) AD620 Rev. H | Page 14 of 20 3kΩ 5V DIGITAL DATA OUTPUT ADC REF IN AGND 20kΩ 10kΩ 20kΩ G = 100 AD620B 1.7mA 0.10mA 0.6mA MAX 499Ω 3kΩ 3kΩ 3kΩ 2 1 8 3 7 6 5 4 1.3mA MAX AD705 00775-0-042 Figure 38. A Pressure Monitor Circuit that Operates on a 5 V Single Supply Pressure Measurement Although useful in many bridge applications, such as weigh scales, the AD620 is especially suitable for higher resistance pressure sensors powered at lower voltages where small size and low power become more significant. Figure 38 shows a 3 kΩ pressure transducer bridge powered from 5 V. In such a circuit, the bridge consumes only 1.7 mA. Adding the AD620 and a buffered voltage divider allows the signal to be conditioned for only 3.8 mA of total supply current. Small size and low cost make the AD620 especially attractive for voltage output pressure transducers. Since it delivers low noise and drift, it also serves applications such as diagnostic noninvasive blood pressure measurement. Medical ECG The low current noise of the AD620 allows its use in ECG monitors (Figure 39) where high source resistances of 1 MΩ or higher are not uncommon. The AD620’s low power, low supply voltage requirements, and space-saving 8-lead mini-DIP and SOIC package offerings make it an excellent choice for batterypowered data recorders. Furthermore, the low bias currents and low current noise, coupled with the low voltage noise of the AD620, improve the dynamic range for better performance. The value of capacitor C1 is chosen to maintain stability of the right leg drive loop. Proper safeguards, such as isolation, must be added to this circuit to protect the patient from possible harm. G = 7 AD620A 0.03Hz HIGHPASS FILTER OUTPUT 1V/mV +3V –3V RG 8.25kΩ 24.9kΩ 24.9kΩ AD705J G = 143 C1 1MΩ R4 10kΩ R1 R3 R2 OUTPUT AMPLIFIER PATIENT/CIRCUIT PROTECTION/ISOLATION 00775-0-043 Figure 39. A Medical ECG Monitor Circuit AD620 Rev. H | Page 15 of 20 Precision V-I Converter The AD620, along with another op amp and two resistors, makes a precision current source (Figure 40). The op amp buffers the reference terminal to maintain good CMR. The output voltage, VX, of the AD620 appears across R1, which converts it to a current. This current, less only the input bias current of the op amp, then flows out to the load. RG AD620 –VS VIN+ VIN– LOAD R1 IL Vx I L = R1 = IN+ [(V ) – (V IN – )] G R1 6 5 + VX – 2 4 1 8 3 7 +VS AD705 00775-0-044 Figure 40. Precision Voltage-to-Current Converter (Operates on 1.8 mA, ±3 V) GAIN SELECTION The AD620 gain is resistor-programmed by RG, or more precisely, by whatever impedance appears between Pins 1 and 8. The AD620 is designed to offer accurate gains using 0.1% to 1% resistors. Table 5 shows required values of RG for various gains. Note that for G = 1, the RG pins are unconnected (RG = ∞). For any arbitrary gain, RG can be calculated by using the formula: 1 49.4 − Ω = G k RG To minimize gain error, avoid high parasitic resistance in series with RG; to minimize gain drift, RG should have a low TC—less than 10 ppm/°C—for the best performance. Table 5. Required Values of Gain Resistors 1% Std Table Value of RG(Ω) Calculated Gain 0.1% Std Table Value of RG(Ω ) Calculated Gain 49.9 k 1.990 49.3 k 2.002 12.4 k 4.984 12.4 k 4.984 5.49 k 9.998 5.49 k 9.998 2.61 k 19.93 2.61 k 19.93 1.00 k 50.40 1.01 k 49.91 499 100.0 499 100.0 249 199.4 249 199.4 100 495.0 98.8 501.0 49.9 991.0 49.3 1,003.0 INPUT AND OUTPUT OFFSET VOLTAGE The low errors of the AD620 are attributed to two sources, input and output errors. The output error is divided by G when referred to the input. In practice, the input errors dominate at high gains, and the output errors dominate at low gains. The total VOS for a given gain is calculated as Total Error RTI = input error + (output error/G) Total Error RTO = (input error × G) + output error REFERENCE TERMINAL The reference terminal potential defines the zero output voltage and is especially useful when the load does not share a precise ground with the rest of the system. It provides a direct means of injecting a precise offset to the output, with an allowable range of 2 V within the supply voltages. Parasitic resistance should be kept to a minimum for optimum CMR. INPUT PROTECTION The AD620 safely withstands an input current of ±60 mA for several hours at room temperature. This is true for all gains and power on and off, which is useful if the signal source and amplifier are powered separately. For longer time periods, the input current should not exceed 6 mA. For input voltages beyond the supplies, a protection resistor should be placed in series with each input to limit the current to 6 mA. These can be the same resistors as those used in the RFI filter. High values of resistance can impact the noise and AC CMRR performance of the system. Low leakage diodes (such as the BAV199) can be placed at the inputs to reduce the required protection resistance. AD620 R REF R +SUPPLY –SUPPLY VOUT +IN –IN 00775-0-052 Figure 41. Diode Protection for Voltages Beyond Supply RF INTERFERENCE All instrumentation amplifiers rectify small out of band signals. The disturbance may appear as a small dc voltage offset. High frequency signals can be filtered with a low pass R-C network placed at the input of the instrumentation amplifier. Figure 42 demonstrates such a configuration. The filter limits the input AD620 Rev. H | Page 16 of 20 signal according to the following relationship: 2 (2 ) 1 D C DIFF R C C FilterFreq π + = C CM RC FilterFreq π = 2 1 where CD ≥10CC. CD affects the difference signal. CC affects the common-mode signal. Any mismatch in R × CC degrades the AD620 CMRR. To avoid inadvertently reducing CMRR-bandwidth performance, make sure that CC is at least one magnitude smaller than CD. The effect of mismatched CCs is reduced with a larger CD:CC ratio. 499Ω AD620 + – VOUT R R CC CD CC +IN –IN REF –15V 0.1μ F 10μ F +15V 0.1μ F 10μ F 00775-0-045 Figure 42. Circuit to Attenuate RF Interference COMMON-MODE REJECTION Instrumentation amplifiers, such as the AD620, offer high CMR, which is a measure of the change in output voltage when both inputs are changed by equal amounts. These specifications are usually given for a full-range input voltage change and a specified source imbalance. For optimal CMR, the reference terminal should be tied to a low impedance point, and differences in capacitance and resistance should be kept to a minimum between the two inputs. In many applications, shielded cables are used to minimize noise; for best CMR over frequency, the shield should be properly driven. Figure 43 and Figure 44 show active data guards that are configured to improve ac common-mode rejections by “bootstrapping” the capacitances of input cable shields, thus minimizing the capacitance mismatch between the inputs. REFERENCE VOUT AD620 100Ω 100Ω – INPUT + INPUT AD648 RG –VS +VS –VS 00775-0-046 Figure 43. Differential Shield Driver 100Ω – INPUT + INPUT REFERENCE VOUT AD620 –VS +VS 2 RG 2 RG AD548 00775-0-047 Figure 44. Common-Mode Shield Driver GROUNDING Since the AD620 output voltage is developed with respect to the potential on the reference terminal, it can solve many grounding problems by simply tying the REF pin to the appropriate “local ground.” To isolate low level analog signals from a noisy digital environment, many data-acquisition components have separate analog and digital ground pins (Figure 45). It would be convenient to use a single ground line; however, current through ground wires and PC runs of the circuit card can cause hundreds of millivolts of error. Therefore, separate ground returns should be provided to minimize the current flow from the sensitive points to the system ground. These ground returns must be tied together at some point, usually best at the ADC package shown in Figure 45. DIGITAL P.S. C +5V ANALOG P.S. +15V C –15V AD574A DIGITAL DATA OUTPUT + 1μF AD620 0.1μF AD585 S/H ADC 0.1μF 1μF 1μF 00775-0-048 Figure 45. Basic Grounding Practice AD620 Rev. H | Page 17 of 20 GROUND RETURNS FOR INPUT BIAS CURRENTS VOUT – INPUT + INPUT RG LOAD TO POWER SUPPLY GROUND REFERENCE +VS –VS AD620 00775-0-050 Input bias currents are those currents necessary to bias the input transistors of an amplifier. There must be a direct return path for these currents. Therefore, when amplifying “floating” input sources, such as transformers or ac-coupled sources, there must be a dc path from each input to ground, as shown in Figure 46, Figure 47, and Figure 48. Refer to A Designer’s Guide to Instrumentation Amplifiers (free from Analog Devices) for more information regarding in-amp applications. AD620 VOUT – INPUT RG TO POWER SUPPLY GROUND + INPUT REFERENCE +VS –VS LOAD 00775-0-049 Figure 47. Ground Returns for Bias Currents with Thermocouple Inputs 100kΩ AD620 VOUT – INPUT + INPUT RG LOAD TO POWER SUPPLY GROUND REFERENCE 100kΩ –VS +VS 00775-0-051 Figure 46. Ground Returns for Bias Currents with Transformer-Coupled Inputs Figure 48. Ground Returns for Bias Currents with AC-Coupled Inputs AD620 Rev. H | Page 18 of 20 AD620ACHIPS INFORMATION Die size: 1803 μm × 3175 μm Die thickness: 483 μm Bond Pad Metal: 1% Copper Doped Aluminum To minimize gain errors introduced by the bond wires, use Kelvin connections between the chip and the gain resistor, RG, by connecting Pad 1A and Pad 1B in parallel to one end of RG and Pad 8A and Pad 8B in parallel to the other end of RG. For unity gain applications where RG is not required, Pad 1A and Pad 1B must be bonded together as well as the Pad 8A and Pad 8B. 1A 1B 2 3 4 5 6 7 8A 8B LOGO 00775-0-053 Figure 49. Bond Pad Diagram Table 6. Bond Pad Information Pad Coordinates1 Pad No. Mnemonic X (μm) Y (μm) 1A RG −623 +1424 1B RG −789 +628 2 −IN −790 +453 3 +IN −790 −294 4 −VS −788 −1419 5 REF +570 −1429 6 OUTPUT +693 −1254 7 +VS +693 +139 8A RG +505 +1423 8B RG +693 +372 1 The pad coordinates indicate the center of each pad, referenced to the center of the die. The die orientation is indicated by the logo, as shown in Figure 49. AD620 Rev. H | Page 19 of 20 OUTLINE DIMENSIONS COMPLIANT TO JEDEC STANDARDS MS-001 CONTROLLING DIMENSIONS ARE IN INCHES; MILLIMETER DIMENSIONS (IN PARENTHESES) ARE ROUNDED-OFF INCH EQUIVALENTS FOR REFERENCE ONLY AND ARE NOT APPROPRIATE FOR USE IN DESIGN. CORNER LEADS MAY BE CONFIGURED AS WHOLE OR HALF LEADS. 070606-A 0.022 (0.56) 0.018 (0.46) 0.014 (0.36) SEATING PLANE 0.015 (0.38) MIN 0.210 (5.33) MAX 0.150 (3.81) 0.130 (3.30) 0.115 (2.92) 0.070 (1.78) 0.060 (1.52) 0.045 (1.14) 8 1 4 5 0.280 (7.11) 0.250 (6.35) 0.240 (6.10) 0.100 (2.54) BSC 0.400 (10.16) 0.365 (9.27) 0.355 (9.02) 0.060 (1.52) MAX 0.430 (10.92) MAX 0.014 (0.36) 0.010 (0.25) 0.008 (0.20) 0.325 (8.26) 0.310 (7.87) 0.300 (7.62) 0.195 (4.95) 0.130 (3.30) 0.115 (2.92) 0.015 (0.38) GAUGE PLANE 0.005 (0.13) MIN Figure 50. 8-Lead Plastic Dual In-Line Package [PDIP] Narrow Body (N-8). Dimensions shown in inches and (millimeters) CONTROLLING DIMENSIONS ARE IN INCHES; MILLIMETER DIMENSIONS (IN PARENTHESES) ARE ROUNDED-OFF INCH EQUIVALENTS FOR REFERENCE ONLY AND ARE NOT APPROPRIATE FOR USE IN DESIGN. 0.310 (7.87) 0.220 (5.59) 0.005 (0.13) MIN 0.055 (1.40) MAX 0.100 (2.54) BSC 15° 0° 0.320 (8.13) 0.290 (7.37) 0.015 (0.38) SEATING 0.008 (0.20) PLANE 0.200 (5.08) MAX 0.405 (10.29) MAX 0.150 (3.81) MIN 0.200 (5.08) 0.125 (3.18) 0.023 (0.58) 0.014 (0.36) 0.070 (1.78) 0.030 (0.76) 0.060 (1.52) 0.015 (0.38) 1 4 8 5 Figure 51. 8-Lead Ceramic Dual In-Line Package [CERDIP] (Q-8) Dimensions shown in inches and (millimeters) CONTROLLING DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS; INCH DIMENSIONS (IN PARENTHESES) ARE ROUNDED-OFF MILLIMETER EQUIVALENTS FOR REFERENCE ONLY AND ARE NOT APPROPRIATE FOR USE IN DESIGN. COMPLIANT TO JEDEC STANDARDS MS-012-AA 012407-A 0.25 (0.0098) 0.17 (0.0067) 1.27 (0.0500) 0.40 (0.0157) 0.50 (0.0196) 0.25 (0.0099) 45° 8° 0° 1.75 (0.0688) 1.35 (0.0532) SEATING PLANE 0.25 (0.0098) 0.10 (0.0040) 1 4 8 5 5.00 (0.1968) 4.80 (0.1890) 4.00 (0.1574) 3.80 (0.1497) 1.27 (0.0500) BSC 6.20 (0.2441) 5.80 (0.2284) 0.51 (0.0201) 0.31 (0.0122) COPLANARITY 0.10 Figure 52. 8-Lead Standard Small Outline Package [SOIC_N] Narrow Body (R-8) Dimensions shown in millimeters and (inches) AD620 Rev. H | Page 20 of 20 ORDERING GUIDE Model1 Temperature Range Package Description Package Option AD620AN −40°C to +85°C 8-Lead PDIP N-8 AD620ANZ −40°C to +85°C 8-Lead PDIP N-8 AD620BN −40°C to +85°C 8-Lead PDIP N-8 AD620BNZ −40°C to +85°C 8-Lead PDIP N-8 AD620AR −40°C to +85°C 8-Lead SOIC_N R-8 AD620ARZ −40°C to +85°C 8-Lead SOIC_N R-8 AD620AR-REEL −40°C to +85°C 8-Lead SOIC_N, 13" Tape and Reel R-8 AD620ARZ-REEL −40°C to +85°C 8-Lead SOIC_N, 13" Tape and Reel R-8 AD620AR-REEL7 −40°C to +85°C 8-Lead SOIC_N, 7" Tape and Reel R-8 AD620ARZ-REEL7 −40°C to +85°C 8-Lead SOIC_N, 7" Tape and Reel R-8 AD620BR −40°C to +85°C 8-Lead SOIC_N R-8 AD620BRZ −40°C to +85°C 8-Lead SOIC_N R-8 AD620BR-REEL −40°C to +85°C 8-Lead SOIC_N, 13" Tape and Reel R-8 AD620BRZ-RL −40°C to +85°C 8-Lead SOIC_N, 13" Tape and Reel R-8 AD620BR-REEL7 −40°C to +85°C 8-Lead SOIC_N, 7" Tape and Reel R-8 AD620BRZ-R7 −40°C to +85°C 8-Lead SOIC_N, 7" Tape and Reel R-8 AD620ACHIPS −40°C to +85°C Die Form AD620SQ/883B −55°C to +125°C 8-Lead CERDIP Q-8 1 Z = RoHS Compliant Part. © 2003–2011 Analog Devices, Inc. All rights reserved. Trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners. C00775–0–7/11(H) a Compensating the dead time of voltage inverters with the ADMC331 AN331-50 © Analog Devices Inc., August 2000 Page 1 of 18 a Compensating the dead time of voltage inverters with the ADMC331 AN331-50 a Compensating the dead time of voltage inverters with the ADMC331 AN331-50 © Analog Devices Inc., August 2000 Page 2 of 18 Table of Contents SUMMARY...................................................................................................................... 3 1 DEAD TIME EFFECTS AND THEIR COMPENSATION .......................................... 3 2 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE FEED FORWARD DEAD TIME COMPENSATION .. 5 2.1 Using the dt_comp routines ...........................................................................................................................5 2.2 Using the dt_comp routine.............................................................................................................................6 2.3 The program code...........................................................................................................................................7 3 EXAMPLE: TESTING THE VALIDITY OF THE FEED FORWARD DEAD TIME COMPENSATION........................................................................................................... 7 3.1 The construction of an inverter .....................................................................................................................7 3.2 The software program used to test the feed forward dead time compensation.........................................8 3.3 The main include file: main.h ......................................................................................................................12 3.4 The program offset.dsp and its header offset.h..........................................................................................12 3.5 Experimental results.....................................................................................................................................16 4 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................... 18 a Compensating the dead time of voltage inverters with the ADMC331 AN331-50 © Analog Devices Inc., August 2000 Page 3 of 18 Summary Due to the finite switching time, in order to prevent the appearance of short circuits, the power devices of an inverter must be commanded introducing a delay between their active times. This delay, called dead time because in this period no power device is active, introduces small voltage errors, which are sufficient to produce distorted motor currents, oscillations of the motor torque and therefore even the motor controllability may be lost [1]. This paper presents one method to compensate the effects of the dead time, the experimental hardware on which this method was tested and the assembly program associated with it. 1 Dead Time effects and their compensation Consider a voltage inverter with a motor connected at its output terminals (Figure 1). d V T1 T 2 T 3 T 4 T 5 T 6 D1 D2 D4 D6 D3 D5 0 1 ≥ s i 1 v Figure 1: Voltage source inverter The effects of the dead time may be examined by considering only the first phase of the inverter. On this phase it is desired to obtain the reference PWM signal * 1 v presented in Figure 2a. The signals used to command the power devices are assumed to be active LOW, which means that when they are LOW, the power devices conduct (Figures 2b and 2c). The output signal obtained at the motor terminal depends on the sense of the current flowing in this phase: In the case of the current flowing from inverter to the motor (assumed positive sense), when T2 conducts, the phase terminal is linked to the GND and the voltage 1 v is 0. During the dead time period, when both power devices are turned OFF, the current continues to flow into the motor using the reverse recovery diode D2, so 1 v will continue to be 0. When the upper power device T1 conducts, the phase terminal is connected to d V and 1 v is equal to d V . During the second half cycle, the phenomenon repeats itself a Compensating the dead time of voltage inverters with the ADMC331 AN331-50 © Analog Devices Inc., August 2000 Page 4 of 18 symmetrically. The final behaviour of 1 v is presented in Figure 2d. It may be observed that the average value of 1 v is less than the reference value by an amount determined by the dead time: d s V T DT v = v − ⋅ * 1 1 (1) DT DT 2 DT 2 s T * 1 v T1 T 2 0 1 1 ≥ s i v when 0 1 1 < s i v when a) b) c) d) e) d V d V * 1 T Figure 2: The influence of the dead time over the output phase voltage In the case of the current flowing from the motor to the inverter, when T2 conducts, the phase terminal is linked to the GND and the voltage 1 v is 0. During the dead time period, the current continues to flow from the motor using the reverse recovery diode D1, so 1 v will become equal to d V . When the upper power device T1 conducts, the phase terminal is connected to d V and 1 v will continue to be equal to d V . During the second half, the phenomenon repeats itself symmetrically. The final behaviour of 1 v is presented in Figure 2e. It may be observed that the average value of 1 v is greater than the reference value by an amount determined by the dead time: a Compensating the dead time of voltage inverters with the ADMC331 AN331-50 © Analog Devices Inc., August 2000 Page 5 of 18 d s V T DT v = v + ⋅ * 1 1 (2) Equations (1) and (2) provide the first method to compensate for the dead time: the feed-forward compensation. In relation of the current sense, the inverter phase will be commanded with a reference voltage ** 1 v such that the voltage 1 v at the inverter terminal will become equal with the reference voltage * 1 v : d s V T DT v = v + ⋅ * 1 ** 1 when i ≥ 0 (3) d s V T DT v = v − ⋅ * 1 ** 1 when i < 0 . These expressions mean that when the phase current is positive, the duty cycle * 1 T correspondent to * 1 v has to be increased by the dead time and when the phase current is negative, the duty cycle has to be decreased by the dead time. The only drawback of this method appears when the current changes its sign, because this moment cannot be foreseen. It is easily seen that when the sign is not correctly applied, an error of two times the dead time is introduced. Another method to compensate the dead time is the following: The actual inverter voltages are measured on every phase. The compensation is done adding to the reference phase voltage * 1 v a term proportional to the voltage error on that phase: ( 1) ( 1) [ ( ) ( )] 1 * 1 * 1 ** 1 v k + = v k + + K ⋅ v k − v k (4) where: - ** ( 1) 1 v k + is the voltage which will be commanded on the first inverter phase; - * ( 1) 1 v k + is the reference voltage which would have been commanded if the dead time compensation had not been considered; -K is the gain of the compensator, usually less than or equal to 1; - * ( ) 1 v k is the reference voltage which would have been commanded during the previous PWM cycle if the dead time compensation had not been considered; - ( ) 1 v k is the inverter phase voltage measured during the previous PWM cycle. The drawback of this method is that all the inverter phase voltages have to be measured. It is possible to measure only two inverter phases if the PWM modulation is space vector type or sinusoidal. 2 Implementation of the feed forward dead time compensation 2.1 Using the dt_comp routines The routines are developed as an easy-to-use library, which has to be linked to the user’s application. The library consists of two files. The file “dt_comp.dsp” contains the assembly code of the subroutines. The block has to be compiled and then linked to an application. The user has to include the header file dt_comp.h, which provides the function-like calls to the subroutines. The example file in Section 3 will demonstrate the usage of all the routines. a Compensating the dead time of voltage inverters with the ADMC331 AN331-50 © Analog Devices Inc., August 2000 Page 6 of 18 Operation Usage Compute On-times compensating the dead time DeadTime_Comp(StatorCurrent_struct, Dutycycles_struct) Table 1 Implemented routine The input vector StatorCurrents_struct consists of three elements, the three inverter phase currents. Because their sum is always zero, only two of them need to be measured. They have to be scaled because the DSP uses fixed point formats. The scaling factor is 2⋅ Imax , where max I represents the maximum current which may be placed at the input pin of the A/D converter. The 2 factor is used to prevent overflows when the currents are used in arithmetical operations. The vector Dutycycles_struct is an input and also an output: It represents the duty cycles for each phase, previously computed by the PWM modulator. After the compensation, they represent the duty cycles effectively commanded to the inverter. Their values have to be between 0 and PWMTM, the number which controls the PWM switching frequency. DeadTime_comp represents a macro, which must be introduced into the program code if the dead time compensation is desired. The format of inputs and outputs are explained in more detail in the next section. The routines do not require any configuration constants from the main include-file “main.h” that comes with every application note. For more information about the general structure of the application notes and including libraries into user applications refer to the Library Documentation File. Section 2.2 shows an example of usage of this library. In the following sections each routine is explained in detail with the relevant segments of code which is found in either “dt_comp.h” or “dt_comp.dsp”. For more information see the comments in those files. 2.2 Using the dt_comp routine The macro listed in the Table 1 is based on a subroutine called DeadTime_Comp_. It is described in detail in the next section. The following table gives an overview of what DSP registers are used in this macro: Macro Input1 and modified DAG registers Output2 Modified core registers DeadTime_Comp I1 = ^ StatorCurrents_struct; M1, M2 = 1; L1, L2 = 0; I2 = ^ Dutycycles_struct; M3 = 0; N/A AX0, AY0, AY1, MR, AR Table2. DSP core registers used in the macro This macro has to be placed in the main program after the PWM reference duty cycles are computed, but prior to the program that saves them into the duty cycle registers PWMCHA, PWMCHB, PWMCHC. 1 ^vector stands for ‘address of vector’. 2 N/A: The output values are stored in the output vector in the Data memory. No DSP core register is used. a Compensating the dead time of voltage inverters with the ADMC331 AN331-50 © Analog Devices Inc., August 2000 Page 7 of 18 2.3 The program code The following code contained in the file dt_comp.dsp describes the routine DeadTime_Comp_ mentioned in the previous section. The routine is organised as a loop managed by the loop counter cntr. At each iteration, one phase current from the buffer StatorCurrents_struct is tested and the compensation is done function of its sign. In the end, the new duty cycle number is tested to ensure it is positive and less than the maximum admissible value, PWMTM. The last instruction saves the number back into the buffer Dutycycles_struct. DeadTime_Comp_: AY0 = DM(PWMDT); { dead time normalized } AY1 = dm(PWMTM); CNTR = 3; do dead_loop until ce; ax0 = DM(I1, M1); { ax0 = Isk, k=1,2,3 } mr1 = DM(I2, M3); { load Ta, Tb, Tc } AR = MR1 + AY0; none = pass ax0; {chek sign of the currents } IF LT AR = MR1 - AY0; none = pass AR; if lt AR = PASS 0; { no negative values admitted} af = AR - AY1; if gt ar = pass ay1; { protection against overflows} dead_loop: DM(I2, M2) = ar; rts; 3 Example: Testing the validity of the feed forward dead time compensation 3.1 The construction of the inverter The proposed compensation method was implemented on the ADMC331 Processor Board mounted on an ADMC Connector Board. As inverter power part was used an evaluation platform produced by International Rectifier, IRPT2056D Driver-Plus Board. It is a three phase 230VAC 3HP board and it integrates all the processing components needed for a 3 HP motor drive. It is equipped with an IRPT2056A IGBT power module and an IR2133J driver. The Analog Devices’ ADMC PWM isolation board linked the Connector Board to the Power Board. This board produces an electric isolation between the digital part and the inverter power part and also inverts the signals used to drive the power devices (74HC240). Because the signals used by the driver IR2133J are active LOW and because of the inverting line driver HC240, the PWM outputs of the ADMC331 are set to be active HIGH. Therefore the jumper JP51 is in position 1-2. 1 See the ADMC331 Processor Board manual, Motion Control Group, Analog Devices, 1998 a Compensating the dead time of voltage inverters with the ADMC331 AN331-50 © Analog Devices Inc., August 2000 Page 8 of 18 The inverter is driving an induction motor with the following characteristics: .13HP, 230V, 60Hz, 1725rpm, produced by Baldor. Because the power part is supplied with 110V, the maximum frequency the motor may be run in the constant torque regime is: c f 3 110 2 60 3 230 2 ⋅ = ⋅ f Hz c 28.7 230 110 60 = ⋅ = Because the compensation needs the value of the inverter phase currents, two of them were sensed using current transducers HA 10-NP produced by LEM. They are capable to measure up to 20A and this value is used to scale down the measured values: I 20A max = . Also, an operational amplifier LM348 is used to obtain the signal into the range of A/D converter of ADMC331: 0.3V÷3.5V. On the ADMC331 Processor Board there are 5KHz filters that have an anti-aliasing role. A block structure of the inverter is presented in Figure 3. ADMCConnector Board ADMC331 Processor Board IRPT2056D Driver Plus Board ADMC PWM Isolation Board .13HP Induction Motor 2xHP10-NP s1 I s 2 I Figure 3. Inverter Block structure 3.2 The software program used to test the feed forward dead time compensation The purpose of this program is to demonstrate the improvement offered by the feed forward dead time compensation. It reads two motor currents, commands the motor to run at 14Hz, half of the cut frequency c f and compensates for the dead time. The file main.dsp contains the root program. The batch file build.bat compiles every file of the project, links them together and builds the executable file main.exe. It may be applied either within DOS prompt or clicking on it from Windows Explorer. Main.exe may be run on the Motion Control Debugger. A brief description of the program will be given in the following: Start of code - declaring start location in program memory .MODULE/RAM/SEG=USER_PM1/ABS=0x30 Main_Program; a Compensating the dead time of voltage inverters with the ADMC331 AN331-50 © Analog Devices Inc., August 2000 Page 9 of 18 Next, the general systems constants and PWM configuration constants (main.h – see the next section) are included. Also included are the PWM library2, the DAC interface3 and the space vector modulation4 module definitions. The header file offset.h declares some macros used to measure the offset introduced by the current transducers and autocal.h declares the macros used to calibrate the ADMC331 A/D converter. {*************************************************************************************** * Include General System Parameters and Libraries * ***************************************************************************************} #include ; #include ; #include ; #include ; #include ; #include ; #include ; #include ; #include ; { Application Specific Module } #include ; #include ; #include ; Constants used in this program {*************************************************************************************** * Constants Defined in the Module * ***************************************************************************************} .CONST CUT_FREQ = 28; {the cutting frequency of the tested motor} .CONST Delta = 32768*2*CUT_FREQ/PWM_freq; {the increment of the angle} .CONST TwoPiOverThree = 0xffff / 3; { Hex equivalent of 2pi/3 } .CONST ALLOFF = 0x3F; { Used to disable IGBTies into PWMSEG } Here is where all the vectors for the program are declared. The buffer StatorCurrents_struct represents the three stator currents. The PWM duty cycles are stored in the buffer Dutycycles_struct and they are initialised with 0.It may be seen that the variables which identify the current offsets, Is1Offset and Is2Offset are declared circular because programming becomes easier. The average of the readings is computed on 32bit precision, so every buffer consists of 2 words. {*************************************************************************************** * Local Variables Defined in this Module * ***************************************************************************************} .VAR/DM/RAM/SEG=USER_DM AD_IN; { Volts/Hertz Command (0-1) } 2 see AN331-03: Three-Phase Sine-Wave Generation using the PWM Unit of the ADMC331 3 see AN331-06: Using the Serial Digital to Analog Converter of the ADMC Connector Board 4 see AN331-17: Implementing Space Vector Modulation with the ADMC331 a Compensating the dead time of voltage inverters with the ADMC331 AN331-50 © Analog Devices Inc., August 2000 Page 10 of 18 .INIT AD_IN : 0x3A0A; { Corresponds to 0.906/2 } .VAR/DM/RAM/SEG=USER_DM Theta; { Current angle } .INIT Theta : 0x0000; .VAR/DM/RAM/SEG=USER_DM Vdq_ref[2]; { rotor ref.frame } .VAR/DM/RAM/CIRC/SEG=USER_DM Valphabeta_ref[2]; { alphabeta frame } .VAR/RAM/DM/SEG=USER_DM OnTime_struct[1*4]; .INIT OnTime_struct: 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000; .VAR/RAM/DM/SEG=USER_DM Dutycycles_struct[1*3]; .INIT Dutycycles_struct: 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000; .VAR/DM/RAM/SEG=USER_DM VrefA; { Voltage demands } .VAR/DM/RAM/SEG=USER_DM VrefB; .VAR/DM/RAM/SEG=USER_DM VrefC; .INIT VrefA : 0x0000; .INIT VrefB : 0x0000; .INIT VrefC : 0x0000; .VAR/DM/RAM/SEG=USER_DM StatorCurrents_struct[1*3]; { stator currents } .VAR/DM/RAM/SEG=USER_DM Is1Offset[1]; .VAR/DM/RAM/SEG=USER_DM Is2Offset[1]; When the program begins, the PWM output signals are disabled. Then, the power module is reset and the PWM block is set up to generate interrupts every 100μsec (see main.h in the next section). There is initialised the D/A serial converter1 and there is unmasked the IRQ2 interrupt (the interrupt which manages the peripheral interrupts on ADMC331). The main loop just waits for interrupts. {********************************************************************************************} { Start of program code } {********************************************************************************************} Startup: Write_DM(PWMSEG, ALLOFF); { the IGBTies are disabled } IR_reset_PIO3; { Reset PowIRTrain Module } PWM_Init(PWMSYNC_ISR, PWMTRIP_ISR); DAC_Init; { Initialize the DAC-Module } IFC = 0x80; { Clear any pending IRQ2 inter. } ay0 = 0x200; { unmask irq2 interrupts. } ar = IMASK; ar = ar or ay0; 1 See ADMC Connector board user’s manual for further details a Compensating the dead time of voltage inverters with the ADMC331 AN331-50 © Analog Devices Inc., August 2000 Page 11 of 18 IMASK = ar; { IRQ2 ints fully enabled here } ADC_Init; { ADC Counter will Operate at the DSP CLKOUT Frequency } AutoCal_Init; { Initialize the Auto Calibration Routine } Offset_Init; { offset.h } Main: { Wait for interrupt to occur } jump Main; During the PWM_SYNC interrupt there are executed some routines which determine the internal offset of the A/D converter1, the external offsets introduced by the current transducers and the measurement of the currents. The successive routines generate three PWM signals of 14Hz obtained applying a continuous space vector modulation2. The dead time compensation is placed at the end of this block. Finally, the signals that will be provided to the D/A converter are computed. {********************************************************************************************} { PWM Interrupt Service Routine } {********************************************************************************************} PWMSYNC_ISR: Auto_Calibrate; { autocal.h } OffsetDetermination(ADC1, ADC2, Is1Offset, Is2Offset); { offset.h } ReadCurrents(Is1Offset, Is2Offset, StatorCurrents_struct, ADC1, ADC2); { offset.h } DAC_Pause; { Required only when I1, M1 or L1 is used} ar = DM (AD_IN ); mr = 0; {Clear mr } mr1 = dm(Theta); {Preload Theta} my0 = Delta; mr = mr + ar*my0 (SS); {Compute new angle & store} dm(Theta) = mr1; DM(Vdq_ref )= ar; {Set constant Vdq reference (AD_IN,0)} ar = pass 0; DM(Vdq_ref+1)= ar; refframe_Set_DAG_registers_for_transformations; refframe_Forward_Park_angle(Vdq_ref,Valphabeta_ref,mr1); {generate Vreference in alpha-beta frame} SVPWM_Calc_Ontimes(Valphabeta_ref, OnTime_struct); { use SVPWM routines} SVPWM_Calc_Dutycycles(OnTime_struct, Dutycycles_struct); DeadTime_Comp(StatorCurrents_struct, Dutycycles_struct); SVPWM_Update_DutyCycles(Dutycycles_struct); Dac_Resume; my0 = DM(Theta); DAC_Put(1, my0); { output on DACs, amplified by multiplication } mx0 = 0x8; my0 = DM(Dutycycles_struct ); mr = mx0 * my0 (SS); Dac_Put(2, mr0); my0 = DM(Dutycycles_struct+1); mr = mx0 * my0 (SS); Dac_Put(3, mr0); 1 See AN331-05: ADC-system on the ADMC331. 2 See AN331-17: Implementing Space Vector Modulation with ADMC331 a Compensating the dead time of voltage inverters with the ADMC331 AN331-50 © Analog Devices Inc., August 2000 Page 12 of 18 AX0 = dm(Dutycycles_struct); AY0 = Half_PWMTM; AR = AX0 - AY0; MY0 = 0x6523; {2/PWMTM=2/1296*2^15/2^6*2^15} MR = AR * MY0 (SS); SR = ASHIFT MR1 BY 6 (HI); SR = SR OR LSHIFT MR0 BY 6 (LO); DAC_Put(4, SR1); sr1 = DM(StatorCurrents_struct); sr = ASHIFT sr1 BY 5 (HI); DAC_Put(5,sr1); sr1 = DM(StatorCurrents_struct+1); sr = ASHIFT sr1 BY 5 (HI); DAC_Put(6, sr1); SR1 = DM(StatorCurrents_struct+2); sr = ASHIFT sr1 BY 5 (HI); DAC_Put(7, sr1); DAC_Update; RTI; 3.3 The main include file: main.h This file contains the definitions of ADMC331 constants, general-purpose macros, the configuration parameters of the system and library routines. It should be included in every application. For more information refer to the Library Documentation File. This file is mostly self-explaining. As already mentioned, the dt_comp library does not require any configuration parameters. The following table presents the parameters used to initialise the PWM block .It may be emphasized the dead time period set at 6μsec, a large value for the power devices used on the IRPT2056D. {********************************************************************************************} { Library: PWM block } { file : PWM331.dsp } { Application Note: Usage of the ADMC331 Pulse Width Modulation Block } .CONST PWM_freq = 10000; {Desired PWM switching frequency [Hz] } .CONST PWM_deadtime = 6000; {Desired deadtime [nsec] } .CONST PWM_minpulse = 1000; {Desired minimal pulse time [nsec] } .CONST PWM_syncpulse = 1540; {Desired sync pulse time [nsec] } .CONST Half_PWMTM = 1000*Cry_clock/PWM_freq/2; {********************************************************************************************} 3.4 The program offset.dsp and its header offset.h The current transducers introduce an offset that has to be evaluated, otherwise the sign of the currents would be determined with large errors. For this reason, at the beginning of the program, for a certain number of PWM cycles (in this particular case 128, but may be more or less depending on the system) there are measured the A/D channels corresponding to the two phase currents, V1 and V2. The average of all measurements constitutes the offset of that current. Of course, this procedure may be applied at every channel, if the signal is zero at the beginning of the program. The header file offset.h contains the macros that are used during this process. Generally, they call subroutines presented in the file offset.dsp. This file begins declaring the variables OffsetCounter, TempOffset1 and TempOffset2 used in these routines. a Compensating the dead time of voltage inverters with the ADMC331 AN331-50 © Analog Devices Inc., August 2000 Page 13 of 18 {*************************************************************************************** * Global Variables Defined in this Module * ***************************************************************************************} .VAR/DM/RAM/SEG=USER_DM OffsetCounter[1]; .GLOBAL OffsetCounter; .VAR/DM/RAM/CIRC/SEG=USER_DM TempOffset1[2]; .GLOBAL TempOffset1; .VAR/DM/RAM/CIRC/SEG=USER_DM TempOffset2[2]; .GLOBAL TempOffset2; The subroutine Offset_Init_ initialises the variables used to evaluate the offsets of the current transducers. OffsetCounter is set to 128 because the offsets are considered the average of 128 measurements. {************************************************************************************* * Type: Routine * * Call: Call Offset_Init_; * * This subroutine initializes the variables initializes variables used to * * evaluate the offsets of the current sensors * * Inputs : None * * Ouputs :None * * Modified: AR * ***************************************************************************************} Offset_Init_: AR = Offset_Average; dm(OffsetCounter) = AR; AR = 0x0; dm(TempOffset1) = AR; dm(TempOffset1+1) = AR; dm(TempOffset2) = AR; dm(TempOffset2+1) = AR; rts; The subroutine EvaluateIs_offset_ computes the average of the measurements of a particular A/D channel. {*************************************************************************************** * Type: Routine * * Call: Call EvaluateIs_offset_; * * This subroutine computes the average of the measurements of one A/D channel * * Inputs : AR = the lecture of the A/D channel * I1 = placed at the begining of the buffer which is averaged * * M1 = 0, L1 = 0 * * Ouputs :None * * Modified: AY1, AY0, AR, SR, AX0 * ***************************************************************************************} EvaluateIs_offset_: AY1 = dm(I1, M1); a Compensating the dead time of voltage inverters with the ADMC331 AN331-50 © Analog Devices Inc., August 2000 Page 14 of 18 AY0 = dm(I1, M1); AR = 0x4000 - AR; SR = ASHIFT AR BY -7 (HI); AR = SR0 + AY0; AX0 = AR, AR = SR1 + AY1 + C; dm(I1, M1) = AR; dm(I1, M1) = AX0; RTS; . In the file offset.h there is a macro Offset_Init that initialises the address generators at the current offsets buffers and then calls the subroutine Offset_Init_ from offset.dsp. {*************************************************************************************** * Type: Macro * * Call: Offset_Init; * * This macro initializes variables used to evaluate the offsets of the current sensors * * Input: none * * Output: none * * Modified: AR * ***************************************************************************************} .MACRO Offset_Init; CALL Offset_Init_; .ENDMACRO; The macro EvaluateIs_offset reads one A/D channel and computes the average offset of that channel calling the subroutine EvaluateIs_offset_. {*************************************************************************************** * Type: Macro * * Call: EvaluateIs_offset; * * Routine to compute the offset of one phase * * Input: %0=the targeted AD channel * * %1=the offset structure dedicated to the phase * * %1=most significant word * * %1+1=less significant word * * Output: Current Offset structure * * Modified: * ***************************************************************************************} .MACRO EvaluateIs_offset(%0, %1); ADC_Read(%0); I1 = ^%1; M1 = 1; L1 = %%1; a Compensating the dead time of voltage inverters with the ADMC331 AN331-50 © Analog Devices Inc., August 2000 Page 15 of 18 CALL EvaluateIs_offset_; .ENDMACRO; The macro OffsetDetermination computes the offsets of the both A/D channels that measure the phase currents. {*************************************************************************************** * Type: Macro * * Call: OffsetDetermination * * Routine to compute the offsets introduced by the current sensors * * Input: %0=ADC1 * * %1=ADC2 * * %2=Is1Offset * * %3=Is2Offset * * Output: Current Offsets structure * * Modified: * ***************************************************************************************} .MACRO OffsetDetermination(%0, %1, %2, %3); AY0 = dm(OffsetCounter); AR = AY0 - 1; IF LT JUMP SaveOffsets; dm(OffsetCounter) = AR; EvaluateIs_offset(%0, TempOffset1); EvaluateIs_offset(%1, TempOffset2); RTI; SaveOffsets: AF = AR + 1; IF NE JUMP ExitOffsetDet; dm(OffsetCounter) = AR; AR = dm(TempOffset1); dm(%2) = AR; AR = dm(TempOffset2); dm(%3) = AR; ExitOffsetDet: .ENDMACRO; The macro ReadCurrents reads the two phase currents, corrects them with the offset and finally computes the third phase current. It may be noted that the output of the A/D converter is always a positive number. Because of the presence of an inverting operational amplifier in the hardware, in order to obtain values between –1/2 and +1/2 (in fixed point the currents are scaled by 2⋅ Imax ) the outputs of the A/D converter have to be offset by 1/2 (0x4000). {*************************************************************************************** * Type: Macro * * Call: ReadCurrents; * a Compensating the dead time of voltage inverters with the ADMC331 AN331-50 © Analog Devices Inc., August 2000 Page 16 of 18 * This macro reads ADC1(Is1), ADC2(Is2) and then evaluates Is1, Is2 and Is3 * * Input: %0 = offset of the first phase current * * %1 = offset of the second phase current * * %2 = the buffer of the 3 phase currents * * %3 = ADC1 * * %4 = ADC2 * * Output: none * * Modified: AY0, AR, MY0, MR, SR ,AF * ***************************************************************************************} .MACRO ReadCurrents(%0, %1, %2, %3, %4); ADC_Read(%3); { read Is1/Imax } AR = 0x4000 - AR; AY0 = dm(%0); AR = AR - AY0; dm(%2) = AR; { Is1/2Imax } ADC_Read(%4); { read Is2/Imax } AR = 0x4000 - AR; AY0 = dm(%1); AR = AR - AY0; dm(%2+1) = AR; { Is2/2Imax } AR = -AR; AY0 = dm(%2); { Is1/2Imax } AR = AR - AY0; dm(%2+2) = AR; { Is3/2Imax=-Is2/2Imax-Is1/2Imax} .ENDMACRO; 3.5 Experimental results First of all, experiments without the dead time compensation were made. Figure 4 represents the inverter phase voltage compared to the reference voltage that is desired at the inverter terminal and the phase current. It may be seen that the behavior presented in chapter 1 is verified in practice: When the phase current is positive, the real inverter phase voltage is less than the commanded one by an amount determined by the dead time and when the phase current is negative, the real inverter phase voltage is greater than the commanded. At last, Figure 5 displays the inverter phase voltage and the phase current obtained with the feed forward dead time compensation. It may be observed that the voltage still presents some distortions caused by the nature of feed forwarding: it is supposed that the current measured during the previous PWM cycle maintains its sign into the next PWM cycle; when the current changes the sign, this moment cannot be foreseen and the error is doubled. These voltage deformations cause also deformations in the current behaviour, and they may be prevented only implementing current controllers in a more accurate control strategy, like field-oriented control. a Compensating the dead time of voltage inverters with the ADMC331 AN331-50 © Analog Devices Inc., August 2000 Page 17 of 18 Figure 4. Reference and real inverter phase voltages and the phase current a Compensating the dead time of voltage inverters with the ADMC331 AN331-50 © Analog Devices Inc., August 2000 Page 18 of 18 Figure 5. Inverter phase voltage and phase current after the dead time compensation 4 References [1] Pulse dead time compensator for PWM voltage inverters, David Leggate, Russel J. Kerkman, Industrial Electronics, Control, and Instrumentation, 1995, Proceedings of the 1995 IEEE IECON 21st International Conference on Volume: 1, Page(s): 474 -481 vol.1. SN74HC4066 QUADRUPLE BILATERAL ANALOG SWITCH SCLS325G – MARCH 1996 – REVISED JULY 2003 POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 1 􀀀 Wide Operating Voltage Range of 2 V to 6 V 􀀀 Typical Switch Enable Time of 18 ns 􀀀 Low Power Consumption, 20-μA Max ICC 􀀀 Low Input Current of 1 μA Max 􀀀 High Degree of Linearity 􀀀 High On-Off Output-Voltage Ratio 􀀀 Low Crosstalk Between Switches 􀀀 Low On-State Impedance . . . 50-Ω TYP at VCC = 6 V 􀀀 Individual Switch Controls description/ordering information The SN74HC4066 is a silicon-gate CMOS quadruple analog switch designed to handle both analog and digital signals. Each switch permits signals with amplitudes of up to 6 V (peak) to be transmitted in either direction. Each switch section has its own enable input control (C). A high-level voltage applied to C turns on the associated switch section. Applications include signal gating, chopping, modulation or demodulation (modem), and signal multiplexing for analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog conversion systems. ORDERING INFORMATION TA PACKAGE† ORDERABLE PART NUMBER TOP-SIDE MARKING PDIP – N Tube of 25 SN74HC4066N SN74HC4066N Tube of 50 SN74HC4066D SOIC – D Reel of 2500 SN74HC4066DR HC4066 Reel of 250 SN74HC4066DT –40°C to 85°C SOP – NS Reel of 2000 SN74HC4066NSR HC4066 SSOP – DB Reel of 2000 SN74HC4066DBR HC4066 Tube of 90 SN74HC4066PW TSSOP – PW Reel of 2000 SN74HC4066PWR HC4066 Reel of 250 SN74HC4066PWT † Package drawings, standard packing quantities, thermal data, symbolization, and PCB design guidelines are available at www.ti.com/sc/package. FUNCTION TABLE (each switch) INPUT CONTROL (C) SWITCH L OFF H ON PRODUCTION DATA information is current as of publication date. Copyright  2003, Texas Instruments Incorporated Products conform to specifications per the terms of Texas Instruments standard warranty. Production processing does not necessarily include testing of all parameters. Please be aware that an important notice concerning availability, standard warranty, and use in critical applications of Texas Instruments semiconductor products and disclaimers thereto appears at the end of this data sheet. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 1A 1B 2B 2A 2C 3C GND VCC 1C 4C 4A 4B 3B 3A D, DB, N, NS, OR PW PACKAGE (TOP VIEW) SN74HC4066 QUADRUPLE BILATERAL ANALOG SWITCH SCLS325G – MARCH 1996 – REVISED JULY 2003 2 POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 logic diagram, each switch (positive logic) A VCC VCC B One of Four Switches C absolute maximum ratings over operating free-air temperature range (unless otherwise noted)† Supply voltage range, VCC (see Note 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.5 V to 7 V Control-input diode current, II (VI < 0 or VI > VCC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ±20 mA I/O port diode current, II (VI < 0 or VI/O > VCC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ±20 mA On-state switch current (VI/O = 0 to VCC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ±25 mA Continuous current through VCC or GND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ±50 mA Package thermal impedance, θJA (see Note 2): D package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86°C/W DB package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96°C/W N package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80°C/W NS package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76°C/W PW package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113°C/W Storage temperature range, Tstg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –65°C to 150°C † Stresses beyond those listed under “absolute maximum ratings” may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only, and functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated under “recommended operating conditions” is not implied. Exposure to absolute-maximum-rated conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability. NOTES: 1. All voltages are with respect to ground unless otherwise specified. 2. The package thermal impedance is calculated in accordance with JESD 51-7. SN74HC4066 QUADRUPLE BILATERAL ANALOG SWITCH SCLS325G – MARCH 1996 – REVISED JULY 2003 POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 3 recommended operating conditions (see Note 3) MIN NOM MAX UNIT VCC Supply voltage 2† 5 6 V VI/O I/O port voltage 0 VCC V VCC = 2 V 1.5 VCC VIH High-level input voltage, control inputs VCC = 4.5 V 3.15 VCC V VCC = 6 V 4.2 VCC VCC = 2 V 0 0.3 VIL Low-level input voltage, control inputs VCC = 4.5 V 0 0.9 V VCC = 6 V 0 1.2 VCC = 2 V 1000 Δt/Δv Input transition rise/fall time VCC = 4.5 V 500 ns VCC = 6 V 400 TA Operating free-air temperature –40 85 °C † With supply voltages at or near 2 V, the analog switch on-state resistance becomes very nonlinear. It is recommended that only digital signals be transmitted at these low supply voltages. NOTE 3: All unused inputs of the device must be held at VCC or GND to ensure proper device operation. Refer to the TI application report, Implications of Slow or Floating CMOS Inputs, literature number SCBA004. electrical characteristics over recommended operating free-air temperature range (unless otherwise noted) PARAMETER TEST CONDITIONS V TA = 25􀀀C VCC MIN MAX UNIT MIN TYP MAX I A V 0t V 2 V 150 ron On-state switch resistance IT = –1 mA, VI = 0 to VCC, 4.5 V 50 85 106 Ω VC = VIH (see Figure 1) 6 V 30 V V GND V V 2 V 320 ron(p) Peak on-state resistance VI = VCC or GND, VC = VIH, ( ) 4.5 V 70 170 215 Ω IT = –1 mA 6 V 50 II Control input current VC = 0 or VCC 6 V ±0.1 ±100 ±1000 nA Isoff Off-state switch leakage current VI = VCC or 0, VO = VCC or 0, VC = VIL (see Figure 2) 6 V ±0.1 ±5 μA Ison On-state switch leakage current VI = VCC or 0, VC = VIH (see Figure 3) 6 V ±0.1 ±5 μA ICC Supply current VI = 0 or VCC, IO = 0 6 V 2 20 μA Ci Input capacitance A or B 5 V 9 pF C 3 10 10 Cf Feed-through capacitance A to B VI = 0 0.5 pF Co Output capacitance A or B 5 V 9 pF SN74HC4066 QUADRUPLE BILATERAL ANALOG SWITCH SCLS325G – MARCH 1996 – REVISED JULY 2003 4 POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 switching characteristics over recommended operating free-air temperature range PARAMETER FROM TO TEST VCC TA = 25􀀀C MIN MAX UNIT (INPUT) (OUTPUT) CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX t P ti C 50 F 2 V 10 60 75 tPLH, Propagation A or B B or A CL = pF 4.5 V 4 12 15 ns tPHL delay time (see Figure 4) 6 V 3 10 13 t S it h RL = 1 kΩ, 2 V 70 180 225 tPZH, tPZL Switch turn-on time C A or B CL = 50 pF 4.5 V 21 36 45 ns L (see Figure 5) 6 V 18 31 38 t S it h RL = 1 kΩ, 2 V 50 200 250 tPLZ, Switch C A or B CL = 50 pF 4.5 V 25 40 50 ns tPHZ turn-off time L (see Figure 5) 6 V 22 34 43 Control CL = 15 pF, RL = 1 kΩ 2 V 15 fI input frequency C A or B kΩ, VC = VCC or GND, V V /2 4.5 V 30 MHz VO = VCC/(see Figure 6) 6 V 30 Control feed-through C A or B CL = 50 pF, Rin = RL = 600 Ω, VC = VCC or GND 4.5 V 15 mV noise GND, fin = 1 MHz (see Figure 7) 6 V 20 (rms) operating characteristics, VCC = 4.5 V, TA = 25°C PARAMETER TEST CONDITIONS TYP UNIT Cpd Power dissipation capacitance per gate CL = 50 pF, f = 1 MHz 45 pF Minimum through bandwidth, A to B or B to A† [20 log (VO/VI)] = –3 dB CL = 50 pF, VC = VCC RL = 600 Ω, (see Figure 8) 30 MHz Crosstalk between any switches‡ CL = 10 pF, fin = 1 MHz RL = 50 Ω, (see Figure 9) 45 dB Feed through, switch off, A to B or B to A‡ CL = 50 pF, fin = 1 MHz RL = 600 Ω, (see Figure 10) 42 dB Amplitude distortion rate, A to B or B to A CL = 50 pF, fin = 1 kHz RL = 10 kΩ, (see Figure 11) 0.05% † Adjust the input amplitude for output = 0 dBm at f = 1 MHz. Input signal must be a sine wave. ‡ Adjust the input amplitude for input = 0 dBm at f = 1 MHz. Input signal must be a sine wave. SN74HC4066 QUADRUPLE BILATERAL ANALOG SWITCH SCLS325G – MARCH 1996 – REVISED JULY 2003 POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 5 PARAMETER MEASUREMENT INFORMATION VCC VI = VCC VC = VIH + 1.0 mA – VO ron 􀀀 VI–O 10–3 􀀀 VI–O VCC GND (ON) V Figure 1. On-State Resistance Test Circuit VCC VC = VIL A B VS = VA – VB CONDITION 1: VA = 0, VB = VCC CONDITION 2: VA = VCC, VB = 0 VCC GND A (OFF) Figure 2. Off-State Switch Leakage-Current Test Circuit SN74HC4066 QUADRUPLE BILATERAL ANALOG SWITCH SCLS325G – MARCH 1996 – REVISED JULY 2003 6 POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 PARAMETER MEASUREMENT INFORMATION VCC VC = VIH A B VCC Open VA = VCC TO GND VCC GND A (ON) Figure 3. On-State Leakage-Current Test Circuit VCC VC = VIH VI VO 50 pF TEST CIRCUIT tPLH tPHL 50% 50% VCC 0 V 50% 50% VOH VOL VI A or B VO B or A VOLTAGE WAVEFORMS 50 Ω tr 90% 10% tf 10% 90% VCC GND (ON) Figure 4. Propagation Delay Time, Signal Input to Signal Output SN74HC4066 QUADRUPLE BILATERAL ANALOG SWITCH SCLS325G – MARCH 1996 – REVISED JULY 2003 POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 7 PARAMETER MEASUREMENT INFORMATION CL GND 50 pF VCC VI VO TEST CIRCUIT tPLZ 50% VOLTAGE WAVEFORMS RL 1 kΩ 10% S1 VC 50 Ω S2 tPZH tPHZ 50% 50% 50% 90% tPZL tPZH tPLZ tPHZ GND VCC GND VCC TEST S1 S2 VCC GND VCC GND tPZL 50% VCC VO 50% 0 V VOL VOH VC (tPZL, tPZH) (tPLZ, tPHZ) VCC VCC VO 0 V VOL VOH VC VCC 0 V VOL VOH VCC 0 V VOL VOH Figure 5. Switching Time (tPZL, tPLZ, tPZH, tPHZ), Control to Signal Output SN74HC4066 QUADRUPLE BILATERAL ANALOG SWITCH SCLS325G – MARCH 1996 – REVISED JULY 2003 8 POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 PARAMETER MEASUREMENT INFORMATION VCC GND VO RL 1 kΩ CL 15 pF VCC VC 50 Ω VI = VCC VCC VC 0 V VCC/2 Figure 6. Control-Input Frequency VCC GND VO RL 600 Ω CL 50 pF VCC VC 50 Ω VI VCC/2 Rin 600 Ω VCC/2 tr tf 90% 10% (f = 1 MHz) tr = tf = 6 ns 90% 10% VCC VC 0 V Figure 7. Control Feed-Through Noise VO VCC 50 Ω fin VCC/2 VC = VCC 0.1 μF VI VI (VI = 0 dBm at f = 1 MHz) VCC GND (ON) RL 600 Ω CL 50 pF Figure 8. Minimum Through Bandwidth SN74HC4066 QUADRUPLE BILATERAL ANALOG SWITCH SCLS325G – MARCH 1996 – REVISED JULY 2003 POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 9 PARAMETER MEASUREMENT INFORMATION VO1 RL 600 Ω CL 50 pF VCC 50 Ω fin VCC/2 VC = VCC 0.1 μF VI VI (VI = 0 dBm at f = 1 MHz) VO2 VCC Rin 600 Ω VCC/2 VC = GND Rin 600 Ω VCC GND (ON) VCC GND (OFF) RL 600 Ω CL 50 pF Figure 9. Crosstalk Between Any Two Switches VO VCC 50 Ω fin VC = GND 0.1 μF VI VI (VI = 0 dBm at f = 1 MHz) VCC GND (OFF) Rin 600 Ω RL 600 Ω CL 50 pF VCC/2 VCC/2 Figure 10. Feed Through, Switch Off VI (VI = 0 dBm at f = 1 kHz) VO RL 10 kΩ CL 50 pF VCC VCC/2 VC = VCC 10 μF VI fin VCC GND (ON) Figure 11. Amplitude-Distortion Rate PACKAGE OPTION ADDENDUM www.ti.com 10-Jun-2014 Addendum-Page 1 PACKAGING INFORMATION Orderable Device Status (1) Package Type Package Drawing Pins Package Qty Eco Plan (2) Lead/Ball Finish (6) MSL Peak Temp (3) Op Temp (°C) Device Marking (4/5) Samples SN74HC4066D ACTIVE SOIC D 14 50 Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br) CU NIPDAU Level-1-260C-UNLIM -40 to 85 HC4066 SN74HC4066DBLE OBSOLETE SSOP DB 14 TBD Call TI Call TI -40 to 85 SN74HC4066DBR ACTIVE SSOP DB 14 2000 Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br) CU NIPDAU Level-1-260C-UNLIM -40 to 85 HC4066 SN74HC4066DBRE4 ACTIVE SSOP DB 14 2000 Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br) CU NIPDAU Level-1-260C-UNLIM -40 to 85 HC4066 SN74HC4066DG4 ACTIVE SOIC D 14 50 Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br) CU NIPDAU Level-1-260C-UNLIM -40 to 85 HC4066 SN74HC4066DR ACTIVE SOIC D 14 2500 Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br) CU NIPDAU Level-1-260C-UNLIM -40 to 85 HC4066 SN74HC4066DRE4 ACTIVE SOIC D 14 2500 Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br) CU NIPDAU Level-1-260C-UNLIM -40 to 85 HC4066 SN74HC4066DRG4 ACTIVE SOIC D 14 2500 Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br) CU NIPDAU Level-1-260C-UNLIM -40 to 85 HC4066 SN74HC4066DT ACTIVE SOIC D 14 250 Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br) CU NIPDAU Level-1-260C-UNLIM -40 to 85 HC4066 SN74HC4066N ACTIVE PDIP N 14 25 Pb-Free (RoHS) CU NIPDAU N / A for Pkg Type -40 to 85 SN74HC4066N SN74HC4066NE4 ACTIVE PDIP N 14 25 Pb-Free (RoHS) CU NIPDAU N / A for Pkg Type -40 to 85 SN74HC4066N SN74HC4066NSR ACTIVE SO NS 14 2000 Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br) CU NIPDAU Level-1-260C-UNLIM -40 to 85 HC4066 SN74HC4066PW ACTIVE TSSOP PW 14 90 Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br) CU NIPDAU Level-1-260C-UNLIM -40 to 85 HC4066 SN74HC4066PWG4 ACTIVE TSSOP PW 14 90 Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br) CU NIPDAU Level-1-260C-UNLIM -40 to 85 HC4066 SN74HC4066PWLE OBSOLETE TSSOP PW 14 TBD Call TI Call TI -40 to 85 SN74HC4066PWR ACTIVE TSSOP PW 14 2000 Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br) CU NIPDAU Level-1-260C-UNLIM -40 to 85 HC4066 SN74HC4066PWRG4 ACTIVE TSSOP PW 14 2000 Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br) CU NIPDAU Level-1-260C-UNLIM -40 to 85 HC4066 SN74HC4066PWT ACTIVE TSSOP PW 14 250 Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br) CU NIPDAU Level-1-260C-UNLIM -40 to 85 HC4066 PACKAGE OPTION ADDENDUM www.ti.com 10-Jun-2014 Addendum-Page 2 (1) The marketing status values are defined as follows: ACTIVE: Product device recommended for new designs. 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Where designed to be soldered at high temperatures, TI Pb-Free products are suitable for use in specified lead-free processes. Pb-Free (RoHS Exempt): This component has a RoHS exemption for either 1) lead-based flip-chip solder bumps used between the die and package, or 2) lead-based die adhesive used between the die and leadframe. The component is otherwise considered Pb-Free (RoHS compatible) as defined above. Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br): TI defines "Green" to mean Pb-Free (RoHS compatible), and free of Bromine (Br) and Antimony (Sb) based flame retardants (Br or Sb do not exceed 0.1% by weight in homogeneous material) (3) MSL, Peak Temp. - The Moisture Sensitivity Level rating according to the JEDEC industry standard classifications, and peak solder temperature. (4) There may be additional marking, which relates to the logo, the lot trace code information, or the environmental category on the device. (5) Multiple Device Markings will be inside parentheses. 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TAPE AND REEL INFORMATION *All dimensions are nominal Device Package Type Package Drawing Pins SPQ Reel Diameter (mm) Reel Width W1 (mm) A0 (mm) B0 (mm) K0 (mm) P1 (mm) W (mm) Pin1 Quadrant SN74HC4066DBR SSOP DB 14 2000 330.0 16.4 8.2 6.6 2.5 12.0 16.0 Q1 SN74HC4066DR SOIC D 14 2500 330.0 16.4 6.5 9.0 2.1 8.0 16.0 Q1 SN74HC4066DT SOIC D 14 250 330.0 16.4 6.5 9.0 2.1 8.0 16.0 Q1 SN74HC4066NSR SO NS 14 2000 330.0 16.4 8.2 10.5 2.5 12.0 16.0 Q1 SN74HC4066PWR TSSOP PW 14 2000 330.0 12.4 6.9 5.6 1.6 8.0 12.0 Q1 SN74HC4066PWT TSSOP PW 14 250 330.0 12.4 6.9 5.6 1.6 8.0 12.0 Q1 PACKAGE MATERIALS INFORMATION www.ti.com 14-Jul-2012 Pack Materials-Page 1 *All dimensions are nominal Device Package Type Package Drawing Pins SPQ Length (mm) Width (mm) Height (mm) SN74HC4066DBR SSOP DB 14 2000 367.0 367.0 38.0 SN74HC4066DR SOIC D 14 2500 367.0 367.0 38.0 SN74HC4066DT SOIC D 14 250 367.0 367.0 38.0 SN74HC4066NSR SO NS 14 2000 367.0 367.0 38.0 SN74HC4066PWR TSSOP PW 14 2000 367.0 367.0 35.0 SN74HC4066PWT TSSOP PW 14 250 367.0 367.0 35.0 PACKAGE MATERIALS INFORMATION www.ti.com 14-Jul-2012 Pack Materials-Page 2 MECHANICAL DATA MSSO002E – JANUARY 1995 – REVISED DECEMBER 2001 POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 DB (R-PDSO-G**) PLASTIC SMALL-OUTLINE 4040065 /E 12/01 28 PINS SHOWN Gage Plane 8,20 7,40 0,55 0,95 0,25 38 12,90 12,30 28 10,50 24 8,50 Seating Plane 7,90 9,90 30 10,50 9,90 0,38 5,60 5,00 15 0,22 14 A 28 1 16 20 6,50 6,50 14 0,05 MIN 5,90 5,90 DIM A MAX A MIN PINS ** 2,00 MAX 6,90 7,50 0,65 0,15 M 0°–8° 0,10 0,09 0,25 NOTES: A. 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This application note describe the use of a tracebuffer structure where values treated in the DSP can be saved in a data-array and used for internal of external modification interfaced though the Motion Control Debugger system. 1 The Tracebuffer Structure A data-array structure is defined to enable saving arrays of values in data-memory (DM). This array of memory locations can be addressed by the use of the pointer-system on the 2171 core. With this structure defined, further treating or evaluation of the internal data-calculations can be analyzed and checked for errors. Using the Motion Control Debugger the values can be either be plotted directly or dumped for analyzing the data-array in other external programs In the chosen structure any number of pointer arrays in DM can be enabled and individually initialized for locations in DM. The structure will furthermore allow the user to under-sample the writing to the buffer. Initialize the Tracebuffer Though macro Is the Sample Ratio = Sample number? Is Flag enabled ? Is there still space in the Buffer Full ? YES No YES No Update Buffer and increment pointer and counter End Macro; Macro Call YES No Figure 1 - Flowchart for the Buffer writing The flow chart illustrate the structure of the trace buffer writing. Initialization is done in the startup sequence. After this, the Flag is checked - is the flag set then the corresponding tracebuffer is enabled. Secondly the buffer is checked for available spaces. If the DM locations defined for memory write aren't full it is safe to go on. If the buffer is full return. Finally the sample-ratio is checked. If a sample-ratio is a Using a Tracebuffer with the ADMCF32X ANF32X-34 © Analog Devices Inc., March 2000 Page 4 of 11 declared different from zero then check if the sample-number is equal to the sample-ratio. If it is write the chosen variable to the data-array. If not, return to the subroutine. The structure of the buffer is circular and to optimize the flexibility the format is provided as a complete macro setting with locked data-array format. 1.1 The Tracebuffer Data-Array To enable the tracebuffer array in DM it is necessary to define a given circular buffer with associated pointer. The circular buffer is structured as: First location : Statement of flag - ON/OFF Second location : Pointer to next free address Third location : Sample ratio (specified by the user) Fourth location : Sample number (used during the re-sampling of values) Fifth location : Counter for the buffer. Sixth to XXX locations : Placement for the values Every time the macro is called, Ex. in the PWMSYNC_ISR, a new value is added to the buffer if there are available space left and the sample number is equal to the under-sample ratio. DM(Address) Flag (ON/OFF) DM(Address+1) Pointer to next free address .. Sample ratio .. Sample number .. Counter for Buffer .. First Data-placement .. Value(1) .. Value(2) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Value (Buffer size -2) .. Value (Buffer size -1) .. Value (Buffer size) Figure 2 - Tracebuffer - locations in DM Figure 2 illustrates how the values are placed in the allocated DM locations. Here values are stored at specific addresses in order to analyze these off-line. First value Placed in the buffer N = numbers in tracebuffer Buffer full a Using a Tracebuffer with the ADMCF32X ANF32X-34 © Analog Devices Inc., March 2000 Page 5 of 11 2 Implementation of the Tracebuffer Library Routines 2.1 Usage of the tracebuffer routines The routines are developed as an easy-to-use library, which has to be linked to the user’s application. The library consists of two files. The file “T_buffer.dsp” contains the assembly code for the subroutines. This package has to be compiled and can then be linked to an application. The user has to include the header file “T_buffer.h”, which provides the function-like macros for this routine. The following table summarizes the set of macros that are defined in this library. Operation Usage Input Output Initialization Buffer_Init("name", sample ratio); Name & Sample ratio None Activate Buffer_ON("name"); Name None Deactivate Buffer_OFF("name"); Name None Record Buffer_Record("name", value); Name & Value None Table 1: Implemented routines The four-macro settings allow the user to setup any given DM-locations for trace-buffer availability. Specifying the selected buffer and record value enables the flexibility of writing any number to a known position in memory. 2.2 Usage of the DSP registers Table 2 gives an overview of the DSP core registers that are modified by the four macros mentioned above. Obviously, also the "input" values are modified. Usage Modified registers Buffer_Init("name", sample ratio); ax0 Buffer_OFF("name"); ax0 Buffer_ON("name"); ax0 Buffer_Record("name", value); ax0, ax1, ay0, ar, I5, M5 Table 2: Usage of DSP core registers for the subroutines a Using a Tracebuffer with the ADMCF32X ANF32X-34 © Analog Devices Inc., March 2000 Page 6 of 11 2.3 Access to the library: the header file Including the header file "t_buffer.h" into the application code may access the library. The header file is intended to provide function-like macros to the Trace buffer routines. It defines the calls shown in Table 1. The file is mostly self-explaining but some comments have to be added. The sample ratio is here defined as how often is a new value can be written to the buffer. First macro is the Buffer_Init macro. This macro initializes the five first location of the circular buffer in respect to "name of the buffer" and the sample-ratio. Furthermore the sample-number and the internal counter is cleared. The second and third macro Buffer_ON and Buffer_OFF just enables or disables writing to the buffers. In this case the first location in the buffer ( the flag ) are set/or cleared. {******************************************************************************** * * * Type: Macro * * * * Call: Buffer_Init("Buffer", sampleratio) * * Description : Initialize the tracebuffer * * * * Undersample ratio 0 = every time * * 1 = every 1.time * * 2 = every 2.time ..... * * * * Ouputs : none * * * * Modified: ax0 * * * ********************************************************************************} .MACRO Buffer_Init(%0,%1); ax0 = %1; { Sample ratio } dm(%0+2)= ax0; ax0 =^%0+5; { Store start value } dm(%0+1)= ax0; { first location for data } ax0 = 0x0000; dm(%0) = ax0; { Clear Flag - Non-Active } dm(%0+3)= ax0; { Clear sample number } dm(%0+4)= ax0; { Clear counter for this buffer } .ENDMACRO; {******************************************************************************** * * * Type: Macro * * * * Call: Buffer_ON("buffer") * * * * Description : Enable tracebuffer "Buffer" * * Ouputs : none * * * * Modified : ax0 * * * ********************************************************************************} .MACRO Buffer_ON(%0); ax0 = 1; dm(%0) = ax0; .ENDMACRO; a Using a Tracebuffer with the ADMCF32X ANF32X-34 © Analog Devices Inc., March 2000 Page 7 of 11 {******************************************************************************** * * * Type: Macro * * * * Call: Buffer_OFF("buffer") * * * * Description : Disable tracebuffer "Buffer" * * Ouputs : none * * * * Modified : ax0 * * * ********************************************************************************} .MACRO Buffer_OFF(%0); ax0 = 0; dm(%0) = ax0; .ENDMACRO; 2.4 The program macro The following code contained in the file “t_buffer.h” defines the macrocode used for the Tracebuffer. In many cases this piece of code is placed in the "t_buffer.dsp"-file but here the flexibility advances by placing the program-code directly in the macro. It should be mentioned that this way of using the tracebuffer enables flexibility but takes up more memory. The following code implements the tracebuffer routines. Refer to the flowchart in section 1 for the structure of the buffers. Input to the tracebuffer are any numbers computed in the DSP. Underneath is the code for the Buffer_Record.. It just need to be said that since the buffer is structured as a circular buffer the data-placement for each of the "buffer-handle" values are placed from buffer-location 1 to 5 (here %0….%0+4) {******************************************************************************** * * * Type: Macro * * * * all: Buffer_Record(buffer,data) * * * * Description : Place data in buffer memory * * Ouputs : none * * * * Modified: M5, I5, ar, ax1, ax0, ay0 * * * ********************************************************************************} .MACRO Buffer_Record(%0,%1); .Local Continue1,Continue2,Continue3,End; { Local routines in Macro } M5 = 1; { modify factor = 1 } ax1 = %1; I5 = ^%0; { load start value for pointer } ar = dm(%0); { temporary storage } ar= tstbit 0 of ar; if NE jump Continue1; Jump end; Continue1: ax0 = %%0; ay0 = dm(%0+4); ar = ax0 - ay0; if gt jump Continue2; ax0 = 0x0000; dm(%0) = ax0; Jump end; a Using a Tracebuffer with the ADMCF32X ANF32X-34 © Analog Devices Inc., March 2000 Page 8 of 11 Continue2: { is sample_num equal to ratio? } ax0 = dm(%0+3); ay0 = dm(%0+2); ar = ax0 - ay0; if eq jump Continue3; ar = ax0 + 1; dm(%0+3) = ar; Jump end; Continue3: { write into buffer } I5 = dm(%0+1); { load backup value for pointer } dm(I5,M5) = ax1; { Value updated to Buffer } ax0 = dm(%0+4); { increment count } ar = ax0 + 1; dm(%0+4) = ar; ax0 = 0x0000; { clear sample_num } dm(%0+3) = ax0; dm(%0+1) = I5; end: .ENDMACRO; 3 Software Example: Tracebuffer 3.1 Usage of the Tracebuffer routine an example This example demonstrates how two values are written to Buffer1 and Buffer2. In this case the memorylocations used as buffers are set to 2*105-locations (100 location of calculated data). The values written to these two buffer-arrays are values computed for three 120-degree phase shifted reference voltages. 3.2 The main program: main.dsp The file “main.dsp” contains the initialisation and PWM Sync and Trip interrupt service routines. To activate, build the executable file using the attached build.bat either within your DOS prompt or clicking on it from Windows Explorer. This will create the object files and the main.exe example file. This file may be run on the Motion Control Debugger. The program can be booted from Flash but in this tracebuffer case it is not effectuated since the DM can not be read without the Motion Control Debugger. Every module besides from the Main_program module is by default placed in either one of the three USERFLASH memory banks. In the following, a brief description of the code is given. Start of code – declaring start location in program memory or FLASH memory. Comments are placed depending on whether the program should run in PMRAM or Flash memory. {************************************************************************************** * Application: Starting from FLASH (out-comment the one not used) **************************************************************************************} !.MODULE/RAM/SEG=USERFLASH1/ABS=0x2200 Main_Program; {************************************************************************************** * Application: Starting from RAM (out-comment the one not used) **************************************************************************************} .MODULE/RAM/SEG=USER_PM1/ABS=0x30 Main_Program; a Using a Tracebuffer with the ADMCF32X ANF32X-34 © Analog Devices Inc., March 2000 Page 9 of 11 Next, the general systems constants and PWM configuration constants (main.h – see the next section) are included. Also included are the PWM library and the T_BUFFER library definitions {******************************************************************************** * Include General System Parameters and Libraries * ********************************************************************************} #include ; #include ; #include ; #include ; {******************************************************************************** * Local Variables Defined in this Module * ********************************************************************************} .VAR/DM/RAM/SEG=USER_DM AD_IN; { Volts/Hertz Command (0-1) } .VAR/DM/RAM/SEG=USER_DM Theta; { Current angle } .VAR/DM/RAM/SEG=USER_DM VrefA; { Voltage demands } .VAR/DM/RAM/SEG=USER_DM VrefB; .VAR/DM/RAM/SEG=USER_DM VrefC; .VAR/DM/RAM/CIRC/SEG=USER_DM Buffer1[105]; { Tracebuffer } .VAR/DM/RAM/CIRC/SEG=USER_DM Buffer2[105]; { Tracebuffer } ar = 0x7FFF; dm(AD_IN) = ar; ar = 0x0000; dm(Theta) = ar; dm(VrefA) = ar; dm(VrefB) = ar; dm(VrefC) = ar; Some Variables are defined hereafter. These are used to calculate the three reference voltages. For further information see ANF32X-3. The two circular buffers are defined - here the size is 105 locations (5 locations are used for handling the buffer) this number is arbitrary - just depending on the memory locations occupied by these buffers. The first thing that is done in the initialisation block (Startup) is checking a selected PIO line for level. If the PIO-pin is high jump to an ERASE BOOT FROM FLASH BIT routine in ROM and return. If not, just go ahead with normal operation. This small macro is done to enable re-coding of the FLASH memory. For further information (See Reference Manual). In this example the PIO-pin 6 is chosen as erase pin. The initialisation of the PWM block is executed. Note how the interrupt vectors for the PWMSync and PWMTrip service routines are passed as arguments. Then the interrupt IRQ2 is enabled by setting the corresponding bit in the IMASK register. Two Tracebuffers are initialised with 1x under-sampling Then the Tracebuffers are activated by setting the flag (Buffer_ON(Buffer1) & Buffer_ON(Buffer2)). After that, the program enters a loop, which just waits for interrupts. {******************************************************************************** * Start of program code * ********************************************************************************} Startup: FLASH_erase_PIO(6); { Select PIO6 as clearing PIO } { Remember that sport1 is muxed with the PIO-lines } { If the bit is high Clear Memory and Boot from } { Flash bit } PWM_Init(PWMSYNC_ISR, PWMTRIP_ISR); IFC = 0x80; { Clear any pending IRQ2 inter. } ay0 = 0x200; { unmask irq2 interrupts. } ar = IMASK; ar = ar or ay0; IMASK = ar; { IRQ2 ints fully enabled here } Buffer_Init(Buffer1, 1); { 1x undersampling } Buffer_Init(Buffer2, 1); { 1X undersampling } Buffer_ON(Buffer1); { Activate the Buffer } Buffer_ON(Buffer2); { Activate the Buffer } Main: { Wait for interrupt to occur } jump Main; rts; a Using a Tracebuffer with the ADMCF32X ANF32X-34 © Analog Devices Inc., March 2000 Page 10 of 11 In the PWMSYNC_ISR the DAGS are first set up for trigonometric functionality. Three reference voltages VrefA,B and C are calculated on base of the trigonometric functions in the Trigonometric-library ( See ANF32X-10 ). The PWM block is update with these control signals and finally the two Tracebuffers Buffer1 and Buffer2 are updated. Here the variables VrefA and VrefB are stored in the two data-arrays. PWMSYNC_ISR: Set_DAG_registers_for_trigonometric; my0 = DM(AD_IN); mr = 0; { Clear mr } mr1 = dm(Theta); { Preload Theta } mx0 = Delta; mr = mr + mx0*my0 (SS); { Compute new angle & store } dm(Theta) = mr1; Sin(mr1); { Result in ar register } mr = ar*my0 (SS); { Multiply by Scale for VrefA } dm(VrefA) = mr1; ax1 = dm(Theta); { Compute angle of phase B } ay1 = TwoPioverThree; ar = ax1 - ay1; Sin(ar); { Result in ar register } mr = ar*my0 (SS); { Multiply by Scale for VrefB } dm(VrefB) = mr1; ax1 = dm(Theta); { Compute angle of phase C } ay1 = TwoPioverThree; ar = ax1 + ay1; Sin(ar); { Result in ar register } mr = ar*my0 (SS); { Multiply by Scale for VrefC } dm(VrefC) = mr1; ax0 = DM(VrefA); ax1 = DM(VrefB); ay0 = DM(VrefC); ay1= DM(Theta); PWM_update_demanded_Voltage(ax0,ax1,ay0); {******************************************************************************* * Update tracebuffers * *******************************************************************************} ax0 = DM(VrefA); Buffer_Record(Buffer1,ax0); ax0 = DM(VrefB); Buffer_Record(Buffer2,ax0); RTI; It has to be mentioned that the Buffer_Record macro uses some DSP registers (see T_buffer.h) for that reason the proposed way of writing to the buffer is as defined above. 4 Experimental results The experimental results illustrated beneath are two plots of VrefA and VrefB. These values are written into Buffer1 and Buffer2 and then plotted though the Motion Control Debugger. As can be seen on Figure 3 the two waveforms are plotted as a function of the given number in Buffer1 and 2. From the figures the scaling can also be seen - here the numbers are represented in decimal. Selecting another scaling of these reference-voltages will re-scale these plots. a Using a Tracebuffer with the ADMCF32X ANF32X-34 © Analog Devices Inc., March 2000 Page 11 of 11 Figure 3 - Plot from the Motion Control Debugger using the Internal Plot Function. www.analog.com Developing VisualAudio Modules Copyright Information © 2006 Analog Devices, Inc., ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. This document may not be reproduced in any form without prior, express written consent from Analog Devices, Inc. Printed in the USA. Disclaimer Analog Devices, Inc. reserves the right to change this product without prior notice. Information furnished by Analog Devices is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Analog Devices for its use; nor for any infringement of patents or other rights of third parties which may result from its use. No license is granted by implication or otherwise under the patent rights of Analog Devices, Inc. Trademark and Service Mark Notice The Analog Devices logo, VisualDSP++, VisualAudio, SHARC, Blackfin, and EZ-KIT Lite are registered trademarks of Analog Devices, Inc. All other brand and product names are trademarks or service marks of their respective owners. 2 of 51 Contents Contents..............................................................................................................................................................................................................3 Preface.................................................................................................................................................................................................................4 Purpose of This Manual................................................................................................................................................................................4 Custom Audio Modules....................................................................................................................................................................................5 Overview.........................................................................................................................................................................................................5 Numerics on the Blackfin and SHARC.......................................................................................................................................................9 Example 1A – Mono Parametric Scaling....................................................................................................................................................9 Example 1B – Render Function in ASM.................................................................................................................................................19 Scratch Buffers............................................................................................................................................................................................22 Auxiliary Memory for Module Instances................................................................................................................................................22 Pointer Aliasing Rules................................................................................................................................................................................25 Meta-Variables and Expressions...............................................................................................................................................................26 Modifying Module Parameters.................................................................................................................................................................27 Expression Language Details.....................................................................................................................................................................28 Modules With Data of Varying Size.........................................................................................................................................................33 Modules With a Variable Number of Pins...............................................................................................................................................34 Frequency Domain Processing.................................................................................................................................................................36 Other Features of the XML File................................................................................................................................................................36 Custom Bypass Functions..........................................................................................................................................................................38 SHARC SIMD Considerations..................................................................................................................................................................38 Adjusting Modules from Other Modules................................................................................................................................................39 Dynamically Changing a Module’s Render Function............................................................................................................................39 Compatibility between Blackfin and SHARC Modules.........................................................................................................................39 Reference Section............................................................................................................................................................................................41 AudioProcessing.h Structures...................................................................................................................................................................41 Module Memory Sections.........................................................................................................................................................................44 Summary of Naming Conventions...........................................................................................................................................................45 Inspector Control Types............................................................................................................................................................................47 XML Format................................................................................................................................................................................................50 Index.................................................................................................................................................................................................................51 3 of 51 Preface PURPOSE OF THIS MANUAL The VisualAudio Designer Users’ Guide explains how to use VisualAudio to develop audio processing software for a wide variety of products. The guide describes the graphical interface, provides step-by-step procedures for completing tasks, and contains detailed technical information on how to integrate the generated code into your final product. Intended Audience The primary audience for this manual is a programmer who is familiar with Analog Devices, Inc. processors. This manual assumes that the audience can use the VisualDSP++ development environment to develop, build, and debug Digital Signal Processing (DSP) applications for the SHARC or Blackfin processor. 4 of 51 Custom Audio Modules This document explains how to write an audio processing module for VisualAudio for SHARC processors in the 26x and 36x families, as well as for Blackfin processors in the 53x and 56x families. Audio modules allow audio processing (sometimes called “post-processing”) to be implemented by making use of a number of smaller, self-contained processing blocks. The topics are organized as follows. • “Overview” • “Numerics on SHARC and Blackfin” • “Example 1A – Mono parameter scaling” • “Example 1B – Render function in ASM” • “Scratch Buffers” • “Auxiliary Memory for Module Instances” • “Pointer Aliasing Rules” • “Meta-variables and Expressions” • “Modifying Module Parameters” • “Expression Language Details” • “Modules with Data of Varying Size” • “Modules with Variable Numbers of Pins” • “Other Features of the XML File” • Custom Bypass Functions” • “SHARC SIMD Considerations” • “Adjusting Modules from Other Modules” • “Dynamically Changing a Module’s Render Function” • “Compatibility between Blackfin and SHARC Modules” OVERVIEW This section includes a brief philosophical review of what motivated certain design decisions, a discussion about the quasi-object orientation inherent in the module concept, a description of usage scenarios and a high-level description of the parts of a module. Design Philosophy The module format was designed with the following goals in mind. • Minimal run-time processor footprint • CPU efficiency • Straightforward to write and use Several key features help accomplish these goals. • VisualAudio does as much work as possible at compile and assembly time to enable the production DSP code to be lean, while still providing a flexible environment for creating and deploying modules. • Modules process a block of samples at a time to ensure that the cost of loading and storing state and parameters is incurred only once per block instead of once per sample. • VisualAudio supports interleaved stereo connections between modules to enable a common use of Single-Instruction, Multiple-Data (SIMD) on the SHARC DSP. This signal type is also supported on the Blackfin, primarily for compatibility with system designs originating on SHARCs. 5 of 51 • VisualAudio supports signals at both the audio sampling rate and a lower “control rate.” This allows slowly-changing control signals to use less memory and MIPS. • VisualAudio supports a variety of frequency domain signal types, as well as a user-settable FFT size and hop factor for “overlap-add” and “overlap-save” style processing. • Some of the spirit of object-oriented programming is borrowed, while a lean approach is maintained. Note that C++ is not used. • To keep the CPU usage (MIPS) of a module relatively constant, a module instance should perform roughly the same operations every time it runs. Assume the module’s worst case CPU usage. The exception is when there are clear modes. In this case, the user can plan in advance the combination of module modes that will be in use at a particular time. • In keeping with the goals of near-constant CPU usage and minimal memory usage, parameter calculation (such as filter design) is normally pushed forward to design time, and implemented outside the DSP runtime (for example within VisualAudio Designer). Therefore, modules usually do not contain design or initialization code on the DSP. Instead, module instances are normally initialized and designed via static initialization of their state structures (in code generated by VisualAudio Designer or by the user).1 Module Terminology Each type of processing module is represented by its own module class. These are instantiable; multiple instances of each class may exist at the same time. We use the term module when the distinction between the class and the instance is clear from context. Examples of modules include “Scaler N Smoothed” and “Delay).” The behavior of modules is adjusted via render variables. These are variables that exist on the DSP as part of the module instance structure. In addition, VisualAudio Designer presents high-level interface variables for each module. Interface variables are those exposed via module inspectors within VisualAudio Designer. An interface variable may correspond directly to a render variable. Alternatively, an interface variable may be mapped to a render variable through some function; for example, translating a delay time in milliseconds to a sample delay. Other possibilities include more complicated dependencies, where one or more interface variables touch one or more render variables. Render variables are defined in associated .h files detailing the instance structure of each module; interface variables are defined in associated .xml files. Interface variables are sometimes referred to as high-level variables, while render variables are sometimes referred to as low-level variables. There are three kinds of render variables, differing in restrictions on when they are set: • Constants are typically set only at design time (i.e. their value doesn’t usually change at run time.) • Parameters are typically set at design or tuning time from VisualAudio Designer, or by DSP control code • States can be set by the module’s render function itself, as well as by VisualAudio Designer in tuning mode or by DSP control code. Within VisualAudio Designer, these restrictions are enforced. On the DSP itself, it is up to the user to abide by these guidelines as appropriate. The term render variable is used to distinguish it from a meta-variable, which exists only in VisualAudio Designer’s representation of the module, not on the DSP. Thus, the set of interface variables contains some render variables and some meta-variables. Modules are interconnected via pins. Pins may be designated as either input or output. Either may be of type stereo_pcm, mono_pcm or control. The stereo_pcm and mono_pcm pins are collectively referred to as “audio rate pins,” or simply “audio 1 In stand-alone usage (without VisualAudio Designer) or when modules are implemented in terms of other modules, allocation can be either dynamic or static and initialization DSP code is often included. 6 of 51 pins.” Control rate pins are referred to as “control pins” and are of type control. Frequency domain pins may be of the following types: spectrum_real, spectrum_complex, spectrum_half_real and spectrum_half_complex. These are explained in more detail later. There are two kinds of modules: those that have a fixed number of pins, and those in which the number of input and/or output pins varies from instance to instance. A module class may have outputs, but no inputs, in which case it can be thought of as a signal generator (such as a sine wave generator). Or, it can have inputs, but no outputs, and report its results in a state variable (such as a VU meter). Finally, a module can have neither outputs nor inputs, and can do its work entirely in terms of side effects to itself (modifying its own state) or to other modules (modifying the render variables of other modules). Such a module could be used, for example, in testing other modules, when strictly-repeatable sample-synchronous updates are needed. Render functions must never write to their inputs. To see why this is true, consider a module whose output fans out to several other modules. If the first module wrote to its input, it would corrupt the input to the second module. However, the VisualAudio Designer routing algorithm knows the overall connection between audio modules and may reuse the same patch buffer for the input and output of a module, when it is safe. For more details, see Pointer Aliasing Rules below. Module Usage Scenarios There are two ways that VisualAudio modules can be used: • In a drag-and-drop fashion from VisualAudio Designer - Memory allocation, parameter setting and calling of the render function are handled automatically. • As C-callable functions in a stand-alone library - Memory allocation, parameter setting and calling of the render function are all handled by the user’s C or assembly code. Even if a module is used in drag-and-drop fashion, its render variables may be modified in the DSP program’s control code (sometimes referred to as “user control code.”) Similarly, a module used in a drag-and-drop fashion may include, in its implementation, a render function that calls other render functions using the stand-alone style. This document contains information on developing modules that may be used in either style of usage. For more information on usage, see the document VisualAudio Module Library Usage Guide. For more information on the particular modules supplied by VisualAudio, see VisualAudio Module Library Reference for Blackfin and VisualAudio Module Library Reference for SHARC. Module Modes When used within a layout generated by VisualAudio Designer1, a module may be in one of four modes. These can be set at runtime with the following function: AMFSetModuleStatus(AMF_Module *module, AMF_ModuleStatus status) The possible status values and their meanings are given below. • AMFModuleStatus_ACTIVE. The module processes its inputs and writes its outputs via its render function each time it is run. This is the default mode. Note that a module may have several alternative render functions, but one must be specified as the default. • AMFModuleStatus_INACTIVE. The module is not run. This implies that its outputs are not written, leaving their contents undefined. • AMFModuleStatus_MUTED. The module's outputs are zeroed each time it is run. This behavior is provided automatically. You need not write any code to implement this mode. 1 More specifically, when used with the VisualAudio Layout Support library. 7 of 51 • AMFModuleStatus_BYPASSED. The module performs the bypass function, which means that its input(s) are copied to its output(s) each time it is run. The default algorithm copies audio inputs to audio outputs, copies signal inputs to signal outputs, and mutes unused outputs. Where there is a mono/stereo mismatch, stereo is converted to mono by adding the channels and dividing by two; mono is converted to stereo by duplicating the channel. Alternatively, the module designer may provide a custom bypass function. For more information, see How to Write a Custom Bypass Function below. The default bypass algorithm copies the Nth input pin of a given type to the Nth output pin of the same type. For example, the 3rd control pin input is copied to the 3rd control pin output. If there are more output pins than input pins, the remainder are muted. Note that for the purposes of bypass, stereo and mono pins are considered the same type. If a mono input matches a stereo output, the mono input is duplicated on both channels. If a stereo input matches a mono output, the stereo channels are added and divided by 2. Parts of a Module A module consists of these parts: • A header (.h) file that defines the run-time interface to the module, including the instance structure typedef. The name of this file must be the same as the module name with .h (for example, AMF_Scaler.h). • The module’s run-time DSP code, in source or binary form (e.g., to protect any intellectual property). The VisualAudio Module Library is delivered in binary form as a VisualDSP++ .dlb file, and the source is also included. If delivered in source form, the module must contain the following two parts: • The module’s render function, which implements the module’s primary function • The module’s class object, which describes the module to the run-time system • A .xml file that describes the module to VisualAudio Designer in detail. This file is not required if the module is never used with VisualAudio Designer. The name of this file must be the same as the module name, with .xml appended (for example, AMF_Scaler.xml where “AMF” stands for Audio Module Format). The .xml file includes information about what files constitute the module’s run-time and header files, as well as information about the module’s parameters, and may also include simple design formulas. How to Add a Module to VisualAudio Designer To make a custom SHARC module available to VisualAudio Designer, create a directory (we’ll call it xxx) and put the XML, include, source files and object files1 in sub-directories. For the SHARC, the subdirectories should be: • XML files in xxx\SHARC\XML\ • Header files in xxx\SHARC\Include\ • Source files in xxx\SHARC\Source\ • Object files in xxx\SHARC\Lib For the Blackfin, they should be: • XML files in xxx\Blackfin\XML\ • Header files in xxx\Blackfin\Include\ • Source files in xxx\Blackfin\Source\ • Object files in xxx\Blackfin\Lib Where xxx is your Modules directory. You must then add your Modules directory to the list of directories searched by VisualAudio Designer. See the VisualAudio Designer User's Guide for details. 1 Third parties can protect their IP by delivering it as a library (a .dlb). Alternatively, they can deliver it is as a pre-compiled or pre-assembled object file (a .doj). 8 of 51 You must add your custom module source files to the VisualDSP++ project (.dpj) file for your platform. In contrast, when a module is included in object form (.dlb or .doj), it is automatically added to the linker list via the VALinkerCmds.txt file. NUMERICS ON THE BLACKFIN AND SHARC The primary difference between Blackfin and SHARC modules is the use of floating point on the SHARC. On the Blackfin, floating point is not available in hardware; hence Blackfin modules typically operate in fixed point. The basic VisualAudio signal type on the Blackfin is fract32, a 32-bit 1.31 format fraction. The basic VisualAudio signal type on the SHARC is a float, a 32-bit floating point number. To ease the task of moving between SHARC and Blackfin, VisualAudio defines a type AMF_Signal, which is fract32 for Blackfin and float for SHARC. Most SHARC modules use floating point internally. However, extended precision SHARC modules may use fixed point internally. Most Blackfin modules use fixed point internally. A number of conventions have been established for fixed-point processing on the Blackfin. We recommend that custom modules obey these conventions for maximum compatibility: The default format for fixed point coefficients is 1.31. Coefficients which perform a “volume scaling” can be 16 bits (typically 1.15 format), so that faster 16x32 multiplication can be used (as opposed to 32x32), since a volume-like scale tends not to need to be represented with an extremely high precision. Smoothing of 16-bit coefficients may need to be performed at 32 bits (to allow the smoothing to move at very slow smoothing rates), but the top 16 bits can still be used for doing the volume scaling cheaply. Headroom in signals is assumed to be managed by the layout creator, not by the module or by VisualAudio. Therefore, except where noted, a Blackfin module assumes 1.31 input and output signals, and for compatibility a SHARC module assumes signals where 1.0f corresponds to maximum amplitude (though clipping to +/- 1.0 is only implemented at the output). Saturating arithmetic is used in fixed point modules. In fixed point modules, multiplications implemented to “31-bit” precision (i.e. discarding the low order product as a speed optimization) may be used as a satisfactory substitute for full 32x32 multiplications. 16 bit types (fract16 and int16 ) as module variables are not supported on the SHARC in VisualAudio. The module implementer is responsible for creating correct alignment in the module state structure, if necessary (via padding and/or ordering). This is an issue only with Blackfin modules. The structures allocated by VisualAudio Designer can be assumed to be aligned to 32-bit boundaries. EXAMPLE 1A – MONO PARAMETRIC SCALING The following example shows a parametric scaling of a mono signal, for both SHARC and Blackfin versions of VisualAudio Example 1A Header File: AMF_Scaler.h The example module’s header file is shown below, for the SHARC or Blackfin version of VisualAudio: /***** Begin AMF_Scaler.h *******/ // Include header file with base class definitions: #include "AudioProcessing.h" // Instance structure typedef 9 of 51 typedef struct { AMF_Module b; // Parameters AMF_Signal amplitude; } AMF_Scaler; // Class object declaration extern const AMF_ModuleClass AMFClassScaler; /**** End AMF_Scaler.h *****/ Notice that the instance structure begins with an embedded struct of type AMF_Module. All module instance structures must begin in this manner (this allows any module’s struct to be interpreted as an AMF_Module, hence implementing a form of inheritance). This struct is followed by a single render variable, amplitude. The structure for the Blackfin and SHARC versions of the module are identical, except for the definition of AMF_Signal as fract32 instead of float in AudioProcessing.h. Example 1A Code File: AMF_Scaler.c The example module’s C code file is AMF_Scaler.c. The first half of the C file for the SHARC version of the module is listed below and analyzed in detail, with comparisons to the Blackfin version as necessary. /****** Begin AMF_Scaler.c *********/ #include "AMF_Scaler.h" // The module's header file #pragma optimize_for_speed // VisualDSP++ directive SEG_MOD_FAST_CODE void AMF_Scaler_Render( AMF_Scaler *restrict instance, AMF_Signal * restrict * buffers, int tickSize) { int i; AMF_Signal *in = buffers[0]; AMF_Signal *out = buffers[1]; AMF_Signal amplitude = instance->amplitude; #pragma SIMD_for for (i=0; iamplitude; #pragma SIMD_for for (i=0; iamplitude; for (i=0; i tag with value 2. To make it easy to supply values for the type vector, the following macros are supplied: #define AMF_StereoPin(whichPin) \ (AMFPinType_STEREO<<(whichPin*4)) #define AMF_ControlPin(whichPin) \ (AMFPinType_CONTROL<<(whichPin*4)) #define AMF_MonoPin(whichPin) (0) #define AMF_SpectrumRealPin(whichPin) \ (AMFPinType_SPECTRUM_REAL<<(whichPin*4)) #define AMF_SpectrumComplexPin(whichPin) \ (AMFPinType_SPECTRUM_COMPLEX<<(whichPin*4)) #define AMF_SpectrumHalfRealPin(whichPin) \ (AMFPinType_SPECTRUM_HALF_REAL<<(whichPin*4)) #define AMF_SpectrumHalfComplexPin(whichPin) \ (AMFPinType_SPECTRUM_HALF_COMPLEX<<(whichPin*4)) Type descriptors can then be assembled by bitwise OR’ing of these macros. Note that the whichPin argument is zero-based. For example, if a module has one mono input followed by one stereo input, its input type designator could be written as: (AMF_MonoPin(0) | AMF_StereoPin(1)) Alternatively, it could be written directly as 0x10. If there are more than eight pins, then the high order nibble is assumed to be sticky and applies to all pins beyond eight. However, there are situations where this convention is inadequate, such as when a pin greater than the 8th has a type differing from the 8th. For these situations, an indirect form is available as follows: 13 of 51 If the AMF_ModuleClass flags field includes the bit AMFModuleClassFlag_INDIRECT_INPUT_PIN_TYPE, then the input type descriptor is actually a pointer to an array of sufficient length to support bit vectors for all input pins. Similarly, if the flags include the bit AMFModuleClassFlag_INDIRECT_OUTPUT_PIN_TYPE, then the output type descriptor is actually a pointer to an array of sufficient length to support bit vectors for all input pins. In modules with variable number of pins (described in a later section of this document), the input and output type descriptors are in the instance, rather than the class. Example 1A XML File: AMF_Scaler.xml The .xml file describes the module to VisualAudio Designer. In this discussion, we assume a minimal familiarity with XML. Please note that all module xml element type attributes (i.e. type = “string”, type = “float” etc.) are optional as of VisualAudio 1.6 and therefore, are not shown in the examples below. When creating a custom module, we recommend copying the XML file from an existing module, renaming the XML file, and modifying it. At the outermost level, the XML file looks like this: . . . It begins by telling the XML parser where to find the VisualAudio Designer schema, which is used to validate the file.1 Validating the file ensures that it has all the information needed by VisualAudio Designer, that it is structured correctly, that the fields are listed in the proper order, and that it contains legal values for the required fields. The actual module definition is inside the body of the tag, which includes the information detailed below. Module Fields A module has several different self-description tags • The